Airline Ticket Prices Essay

An airline’s ticket price is determined by several factors to include time of day a consumer wishes to travel, day of the week such as Tuesday’s and Thursday’s are usually the most affordable days to travel, popular versus non-popular destinations, first class costs more than general class, cost of fuel, competition from other airlines, special factors such as discounts for military, government or corporate personnel, (How Stuff Works, n.d.) Airlines are constantly analyzing how much consumers are willing to pay and pushing consumers to pay more. Airlines have used numerous models and computer programs to manage revenue throughout time. These models and computer programs have become increasingly complex and expensive, over a million dollars. However, these older models and computer programs have been phased out due to the low-fare program that many airlines switched to for a while. â€Å"Low-fare carriers do have models to manage revenue, but they’re very simple: Prices tend to step up steadily as a flight date nears, and travelers who want flexibility — a refundable ticket, perhaps — pay more.† (NBC News, 2008) The problem with this marketing of tickets is that â€Å"locking buckets of seats into specific fares — left airlines with empty seats, losing money.† (NBC News, 2008) More airlines are using bidding wars to sale their tickets, increasing the price of the ticket over time. The highest bidder wins the ticket proving that people will pay for what they want. â€Å"The new system accommodates the proliferation of new ways to buy plane tickets, including discounters and online markets such as Priceline and Hotwire, which sell â€Å"distressed inventory† that airlines would otherwise write off.† (NBC News, 2008) Now to compare why an airline ticket costs the same from Casper, Wyoming to Denver, Colorado, and from Denver, Colorado to Orlando, Florida. Logically this makes no sense considering the difference in distance from one location to the other, consumers would assume the ticket from Casper to Denver would be cheaper than the ticket from Denver to Orlando. In the example given Casper, Wyoming to Denver is 280 miles with a four-hour driving time approximating about an hour-long flight compared to driving 1845 miles with a 27 hour drive from Denver, Colorado to Orlando, Florida with flight time of no more than five-hours nonstop. Airline ticket  prices generally are not set soley by distance for the most part, there are several factors such as consumer base such as cities that are more popular for business or pleasure trips, operating costs, and competition from other airlines, which leads to supply and demand. â€Å"When one increases the other decreases. As supply grows, demand diminishes. As does the price for that product. As demand grows, supply diminishes. And price goes up. It’s a function of our market.† (Consumerism, 2011) The price is the same due to supply and demand, which is usually set by which type of airlines frequent certain areas, â€Å"big airlines that fly to both Los Angeles and London from New York face low-fare airline competition on the domestic route, but not the international route, and so they charge far more.† (McCartney, WSJ, 2010) The cost curves affects airline ticket by pushing airline tickets to the lowest possible price where an airline will still be able to make a profit yet permitting consumers to pay the lowest price possible. â€Å"At the bottom of the curve the business in question achieves productive efficiency, this is where a unit of production is being made for the lowest possible cost.† (Rodda, 2012) Airlines have to take operating cost and amenities into consideration when setting ticket prices. Airlines must be able to make a profit when setting ticket prices. â€Å"By comparing the demand curve with the average total cost curves for each airplane type, the airline can determine which size airplane will maximize profits for a given flight.† (Kons, n.d.) In summary, as with any product, from airline tickets to gasoline prices â€Å"consumers have continued to pay the increased fares, so the airlines have become bolder in driving the prices up even further.† (Smith, CNNMoney, 2011) Consumers, their desire, need and want for an item or service will always affect supply, demand, and cost curve. Most organizations have the same goal, which is to make a profit while keeping their costumers happy. References: Consumerism (2011, March 4). Supply and Demand Goes Both Ways – Beating Broke | Beating Broke. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://www.beatingbroke.com/supply-and-demand-goes-both-ways/ How Stuff Works (n.d.). HowStuffWorks â€Å"How Airlines Work†. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://science.howstuffworks.com/transport/flight/modern/airline4.htm Kons, A. (n.d.). Understanding the Chaos of Airline Pricing. The Park Place Economist, 8, 15-29. Retrieved from http://www.iwu.edu/economics/PPE08/alex.pdf McCartney, S. (2010). Decoding Airline Ticket Costs. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from http://www.etopaz.com/news/3/57/Decoding-Airline-Ticket-Costs-WJS-com NBC News (2008, May 8). Inside the mysteries of airline fares – Business – US business – Aviation | NBC News. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://www.nbcnews.com/id/3073548/ns/business-us_business/t/inside-mysteries-airline-fares/#.UZLPd5UylUQ Smith, A. (2011, March 4). Rising airfares could overtake their 2008 peak – Mar. 3, 2011. Retrieved May 14, 2013, from http://money.cnn.com/2011/03/03/pf/saving/rising_airfare/index.htm

Development Of Mathematical Understanding Education Essay

1.0 Introduction1.1 What is seminal fluid ; how it is made and what is it composed ofSeminal fluid is a substance found in many male species sexual generative secretory organs. Semen is the nebulose white organic structure fluid that is emitted from the urethra of the phallus during interjection. It is made up of a assortment of molecules and cells such as leukocytes, proteolytic and other enzymes every bit good as fruit sugar and is a medium for elimination and transit of sperm cell. In the human male species, production occurs in the prostate secretory organs and gonadal which are slightly thankless sex accoutrement secretory organs until they malfunction or cease to work at all with the prevailing effects being drastically lower the rates of birthrate. Semen is composed largely of H2O, likely about 90 % by weight. After that, it ‘s a mixture of amino acids ( proteins ) , minerals, saccharides ( sugars ) , and a little figure of other things. Semen has a basic pH degree intending it is the antonym of acidic by nature – this is to antagonize and neutralize the vagina ‘s acidic pH and increase the sperm cell ‘s opportunities of endurance. Beginning: ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.orgasmpower.net/semen-production.html ) Besides sperm, seeds is made of secernments from the seven lower urinary piece of land constructions. These constructions include: seminal cysts ( which account for 60-70 % of the fluid ) , prostatic secretory organ ( which accounts for 20-30 % ) and the staying per centum is shared by the epididymis, vessel deferens, ampullae of the vessel, Cowper ‘s secretory organs and secretory organs of Littre. Semen itself has high concentrations of K, Zn, citric acid, fructose, phosphorylcholine, spermine, free amino acids, prostaglandins and enzymes, which nourish and protect the sperm. Beginning: ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.menstuff.org/issues/byissue/semen.html # funfacts )SourceA : hypertext transfer protocol: //www.proceptin.com/phc/sperm-cell.phpMain Production sitesASeminal fluid is largely produced in four topographic points ; in the seminal cysts, the male testicles, the prostate secretory organ and in the Cowper ‘s secretory organs. The Seminal Vesicles: This is where the milklike white protein based substance ( semenogelin I and II ) that seeds largely consists of is chiefly produced ( Ulvsback et al. 1992 ) .A These semenogelins interact with each other and coagulumate after interjection ( Aumuller and Riva 1992 ) . ( Spermatozoa wellness depends on this substance for foods which they will utilize to prolong them on their manner to fertilise the female ova.A This fluid is besides alkalic in nature and helps to neutralize the acidic conditions within the female generative system. The Male Testes: This is the organ where the production of sperm cells occurs. Spermatozoa cells are cultivated here until they mature. After that they are so stored in the Ampulla where they wait to be ejaculated out of the organic structure. They are besides protected by glycocalyx secernments from the testicle, motorial canals, epididymis and accessary secretory organs ( Schroeter et al. 1999 ) . The Prostate Gland: The prostate secretory organ besides produces an alkalic solution that acts as a protective barrier for the sperm cells against the sourness of the female sexual generative environment. The pH of the fluid is maintained above 7 by the action of prostate prostasomes ( et Al. 1999 ) . The fluid produced, is a protastic serine peptidase and helps the liquification of the semenogelins clot ( Peter et al. 1998 ) The prostate is besides an of import beginning of superoxide anion aggregators in worlds ( Gavella et al. 1996 ) A The Cowper ‘s Glands: These secretory organs produce a clear slippery liquid besides known as pre-cum which is excreted during arousal or sexual stimulation.A It is produced by the Cowper ‘s or bulbouretheral secretory organs and creates a medium for which sperm can be transported and swim in through the male generative piece of land and acts as a lubricator to cut down clash during sexual activity.Seminal fluid Composition and mapsSemens contains citric acid, free amino acids, fructose, enzymes, phosphorylcholine, prostaglandin, K, and Zn. The mean volume of seeds produced in a individual interjection varies from 2 to 5 milliliter. The seeds from a individual interjection may incorporate between 40 million and 600 million sperm, depending on the volume of the semen and the length of clip since the last interjection. Samples used for medical intents are obtained by holding the giver masturbate. If a sample can non be produced without sexual intercourse, non-reactive rub bers can be used to roll up the seeds. The procedure of secernment of seminal fluid in male mammals is finally under androgenic and estrogenic control, with a intensifying consequence happening between these two types of gonadal steroids ( Reaside et al. 1999 ) . Oxytocin secreted by the posterior hypophysis, lactogenic hormone secreted by the front tooth can besides command activity of sexual accoutrement secretory organs in mammals ( Gemmell and Sernia 1989 ; Kumar and Farooq 1994 ; Gonzalez et Al. 1994 ; Watson et Al. 1999 ) . There is a general consensus that the three major functional facets of seminal fluid are, its function in sperm competition, its map to help birthrate and in conclusion its function in the transmittal of venereal diseases. This is due to the composing of the seminal fluid being attributed to the secernment of many different tissues and that are under the control of a assortment of different constituents of the neuroendocrine system. The functionality of the seminal fluid constituents may be duplicated but in the procedure they will synergize and complement each other. As an illustration, increased immunosuppressive action of the seminal fluid on the female generative piece of land aimed at increasing sperm viability may besides ease the transmittal of sexually catching pathogens, therefore increasing the choice force per unit area on females to get the better of immunosuppression. ( Birkhead et al. 1993 ) . Seminal fluid is responsible for sperm capacitation for the ability to fertilise female ‘s egg cell. Besides some proteins secreted by male accessary secretory organs have been implicated in the procedure of sperm capacitation. ( Gillott 1996 ) . Structural proteins of the spermatophre that are secreted by sex accoutrement secretory organs, such as trehalase and sugars such as trehalose, may play a function in the activation of sperm within the female ‘s Bursa copulatrix ( Yaginuma et al. 1996 ) . The procedure of capacitation of sperm involves the acquisition of a coat of saccharides that from the glycocalyx ( Schroeter et al. 1999 ) . Most of those saccharides are attached to proteins organizing glycoprotein composites that are produced by accessary secretory organs and other tissues of the male generative system. Acquisition of a glycocalyx is indispensable in some taxa for the attainment of full capacitation of sperm and fertilizing ability. ( Schroeter et al.1999 ) . In work forces, accessary secretory organs secrete 5†²-necleotidase, an enzyme that hydrolyses nuleotides into phosphate and nucleosides, which may play a function in the alteration of sperm surface during capacitation ( Konrad et al. 1998 ) . Capacitation in human sperm is besides increased by tripeptide amides found in seminal plasma ( Khan et al. 1992 ) . Other endocrines and substances are besides found in seminal fluid such as, edothelin which facilitates transit of sperm and besides heighten sperm motions through the womb by myometrial contraction stimulation ( casey et Al. 1992 ) . The same is the instance with bradykinin which helps transporation by its smooth musculus loosen uping belongingss ( Charlse Worth et Al. 1999 ) .1.2 Which metals have been found in seminal fluid and why?The interaction between metals and biomeolecules are important and major in biological categorizations. The metals preponderantly determine many metabolic reactions and fewer of them cat as the aetiological agents in environmentally induced neurological upsets. Aluminum, Zinc, Mg, Ca and lead hints can be round in seminal fluid in edge ionic signifier. These metals are of course found in minor hints and have an array of effects and utilizations and are collected in different avenues. It has been suggested that heavy metals may hold inauspicious impacts on male generative wellness [ Benoff S, Jacob A, Hurley, 2000 ; Telisman.S et Al, 2000 ] even at comparatively low exposures [ ; Telisman.S et Al 2007 ] . The heavy metals may adversely impact the male generative system, either by bring oning hypothalamic-pituitary axis break or by direct seeds quality decrease during spermatogenesis [ Wyrobek AJ et Al 1997 ] . Several metals are suspected endocrinal disruptor compounds and/or generative poisons such as chiefly lead ( Pb ) and Cd ( Cd ) . Human populations could be exposed to heavy metals at hint concentrations normally through consumption of contaminated H2O and nutrient or contact with contaminated air or dirt. Blood and seminal Pb concentrations every bit good as seeds quality among both occupationally exposed and unexposed work forces has been studied and concluded to hold a important opposite association [ De Rosa M et Al 2003 ; JurasoviA†¡ J et Al 2004 ; Telisman.S et Al, 2000, Eibensteiner L et Al 2005 ] . Cadmium has been connected to impaired seeds quality and altered hormonal degrees in work forces [ Pant N et Al 2003, Telisman.S et Al, 2000, Akinloye O et Al 2006 ; Zeng X et Al 2002 ] . Although Cd has been considered as an hormone disruptor, the mechanisms involved are non yet clear [ Henson MC et Al 2004 ] . Mercury ( Hg ) has been found to bring on abnormalcies in sperm morphology and motility in animate being vito surveies [ Mohamed MK et Al, 1987 ; Rao Mv et Al, 1989 ] . Choy et Al. [ Choy CM et Al, 2002 ] described Hg concentrations in seminal fluid and sperm abnormalcies in subfertile males. But contrary to that, Meeker et Al. [ Meeker JD et Al 2008 ] discounted that cl aim after happening no relationship between seeds quality and Hg degrees in blood. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ehjournal.net/content/10/1/6ZincThe intent of seminal plasma Zn on sperm maps has been a subject of involvement to many scientists. Zinc organs from the prostate is good established and found in seminal plasma as Zn citrate or edge to glycoprotein derived from seminal cysts ( Marmar et al. 1975, Arver 1982, Arver and Eliasson 1982 ; Kavanagh 1983 ; Lafond et Al. 1986 ) has been recognised since 1921 ( Bertrand and Vladesco, 1921 ) It has been found that Zn is indispensable to the decondensation of chromatin at the right clip every bit good as stableness. ( kvist et Al. 1987,1988 ) . Zinc is thought to play a function as a refinisher of an built-in mechanism for head-tail withdrawal of sperm cell ( Bjorndahl and Kvist, 1982 ) . The entire benefit or injury of Zn is vague because it has been reported that high degrees of Zn concentrations have been related to lowered sperm mortality, whilst others have reported that high Zn content in seminal plasma to be associated with a high grade of sperm cell motility ( Stankovic and Mikac-Devic, 1976 ; Caldamone et Al. 1979 ) . Zinc lack is associated with hypogonadism and deficient development of secondary sex features in worlds ( Prasad, 1991 ) . Besides high Zn concentrations have been reported to deject oxygen consumption in the sperm cell ( Huacuja et al. , 1973 ; Foresta et al. , 1990 ) , and albumin-induced acrosome reaction ( Foresta et al. , 1990 ) . Zinc has besides been found to be responsible for the antibacterial activity of seminal plasma ( Fair et al. 1976 ) and decreases in degrees are seen in prostate infections ( Marmar et al. 1975, Abyholm et Al. 1981 ; Papadimas et Al. 1983 ) . The entire Zn content in seeds from mammals was found to be at high degrees, and Zn has been found to be critical to spermatogenesis. But Zn can besides do wasting of the seminiferous tubules in the rat and ensuing in the failure in spermatogenesis ( Millar et al. , 1958 ; Underwood, 1977 ; Endre et al. , 1990 ) . Besides, high concentrations of Zinc have been reported to deject oxygen consumption in the sperm cell ( Huacuja et al. , 1973 ; Foresta et al. , 1990 ) , and albumin-induced acrosome reaction ( Foresta et al. , 1990 ) . Consiquently there have been conflicting studies on the consequence of seminal Zn on sperm motility ( Stankovic and Mikac-Devic, 1976 ; Danscher et al. , 1978 ; Caldamone et al. , 1979 ; Lewis-Jones et al. , 1996 ) . One such struggle arises when it is demonstrated that chelation of Zn ions affects sperm motility ( Saito et al. , 1967 ; Danscher and Rebbe, 1974 ) , and it has been suggested that bioavailable Zn edge to vesicular high molecular weight proteins instead than entire seminal Zn should be a step of the consequence of Zn on sperm map ( Bjorndahl et al. , 1991 ; Carpino et al. , 1998 ) . hypertext transfer protocol: //molehr.oxfordjournals.org/content/5/4/331.full.pdf+html Like zinc Mg besides originates chiefly from the prostate secretory organ and the degrees of this component in seminal plasma reflect prostate map ( Eliasson and Lindhomer, 1972 ) . The Mg degrees normally closely correlative with those of zinc concentrations ( Adamopoulos and Deliyiannis, 1983 ) .Lead a metal best known for being environmentally harmful doing it teratogenic and abortifacient. Lead disposal in animate beings causes sterility. Lead is non of course present in high sums in the organic structure but can be increased due to industrial exposure. The lead exposure has been observed to do teratospermia and to expose positive correlativity to blood lead degrees ( Lancranjan et al.1975 ) . Seminal fluid is rich in Ca and helps modulate sperm map as the concentration of Ca in seeds determines sperm motility, the ability of sperm to travel. However surveies show that an increased concentration of Ca ion was damaging to human sperm motility.Calcium is of import for sperm physiology including motility ( Morton et al. , 1974 ; Lindemann et al. , 1987 ) , metamorphosis ( Peterson and Freund, 1976 ) , acrosome reaction, and fertilisation ( Yanagimachi and Usui, 1974 ; Yanagimachi, 1981 ) . The function of seminal Ca in sperm motility is, nevertheless, non to the full understood. Thomas and Meizel ( 1988 ) found chelation of extracellular Ca ions with EGTA to suppress acrosome reaction, but at the same clip to hold no consequence on motility.Metals are omnipresent at low degree concentrations and are ingested by the general population either voluntarily through addendums or involuntarily through consumption of contaminated nutrient and H2O or contact with contaminated dirt, du st, or air. Some metals, such as Cd, lead, arsenic, and quicksilver, are incidental xenobiotics that can be measured in most of the general popu- lation [ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) 2005 ] . Because widespread human exposure and organic structure load have been demonstrated, there is turning concern for inauspicious wellness effects associated with low-level exposures encountered in the environment. Human and carnal grounds suggests that these metals may hold inauspicious impacts on male generative wellness at comparatively low lev- ELs. For illustration, Cd has been linked to hapless human seeds quality and DNA harm ( Telisman et al. 2000 ; Xu et Al. 2003 ) ; Pb may adversely impact sperm form, motility, and DNA unity ( Eibensteiner et al. 2005 ; Hernandez-Ochoa et Al. 2005 ; Jurasovic et Al. 2004 ; Telisman et al. 2007 ) ; and methyl- quicksilver is associated with sperm abnormalcies in subfertile males ( Choy et al. 2002 ) . However, human informations on nonoccupation al Exposure to these metals has been limited ( e.g. , Hg ) , missing ( e.g. , As ) , or inconsistent across surveies ( e.g. , Cd ) . We designed the present survey to research relationships between these incidental metals and seeds quality among work forces with exposure degrees that are likely to be representative of those found among the U.S. general population. Several other metals, such as Cr, Cu, manganese, Mo, Se, and Zn, are indispensable for good wellness but may be harmful above certain degrees [ Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( ATSDR ) 2003, 2004, 2005 ; Greger 1999 ; Institute of Medicine ( IOM ) 2001 ] . For exam- ple, Cr, Mn, and Cu, which act as cofactors for a assortment of of import enzymes, have been associated with decreased seeds quality in gnawers and in worlds ( Adejuwon et al. 1996 ; Huang et Al. 2000 ; Kumar et Al. 2005 ; Telisman et al. 2000 ; Wirth et Al. 2007 ) . Mo is besides an of import cofactor for a limited num- ber of human enzymes and has demonstrated generative toxicity in carnal surveies ( IOM 2001 ) . On the other manus, low doses of metals such as Cu, Se, and Zn may hold protective effects on male generative results ( Benofft al. 1997 ; Evenson et Al. 1993 ; Lyubimov et Al. 2004 ; Olson et Al. 2005 ) and may help in antagonizing the effects of Cd, Pb, or other metals ( Telisman et al. 2000 ; Xu et Al. 2003 ) . Because the possible exists for a figure of metals to positively or negatively affect male reproduction either separately or together, we besides included these metals in our analysis. This wk represents the most comprehensive survey to day of the month on metal exposures at environ- mental degrees and human seeds quality.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.scribd.com/doc/7905524/Cadmium-Lead-and-Other-Metals-in-Relation-to-Semen-Quality-Human-Evidence-for-Molybdenum-as-a-Male-Reproductive-ToxicantTable 1.1 demoing the effects of different metals on male generative systemThe tabular array below shows what Marthur and her co-workers found on how different metals affect the human male and male animate beings ‘ generative systems. Table taken from Journal of Biological Science by Marthur et al. , 2010 The human race is going more and more industrialised and at the same time urbanised. This is one of many factors which has induced the effects of ionic edge metals in male generative systems and caused worldwide qui vive ( Chowdhury, 2009 ; Turgut et Al. 2003 ) . Marthur et al. , 2010 were looking at one of the most toxic and inauspicious effects with in the human males generative system. An inflow in natural stuffs ingestion rates and graduated table has made the presence of metal compounds in the environment of all time more omnipresent. Anthropogenetic activities have been established as one of the prima causes for ecotoxicological effects. Metallic elements are various in composing and toxic stoping points, so they can non portion an exact chemical footing in toxicology. Metallic elements in ionic signifier have a inclination to be sensitive and extremely reactive which means that they can respond with biological elements, such as the human male generative system in a figure of different ways. This in consequence allows exogenic metals to exercise toxic effects that are straight linked to steric re-arrangement which has been found to be responsible for biomolecule mal map. ( Kasprzak, 2002 and Kasprzak et al. , 2003 ) . After consumption, metals can easy flux to the male generative system where the procedure of spermatogenesis is left vulnerable to changes. Similarly, the metals can interact and respond with familial make-up of the human male endocrines. Low sperm mortality and has been established to be a direct consequence of exposure to metals. Looking back at this reappraisal it can be easy deduced that the toxicity and sensitiveness of metals can be mostly attributed to the hormonal change and spermatogenesis break and or malfunction. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //scialert.net/fulltext/ ? doi=jbs.2010.396.404 & A ; org=11 )1.3 A brief debut to aluminiumAluminum can be found bounteously in our environment. It is the 3rd most abundant component in the Earth ‘s crust, stand foring 8 % by weight of the entire constituents ( Martin, 1997 ) . The worlds are necessarily and invariably exposed to aluminium. High contents of aluminum can be found in some stones after the lithospheric rhythm where it is introduced into the Earth ‘s crust. Weathering of these stones is what causes aluminium-rich minerals to fade out, which forms indissoluble clay-like stuffs that finally are re-introduced into the Earth ‘s crust by deposit. Aluminium returns into the magma by farther subduction, which in bend completes the rhythm ( Exley, 2003 ) The attendant clay like stuffs play a important function in the lithospheric rhythm of aluminum so efficient ( Exely, 2003 ) these along with the hydroxyaluminosilicates, startle the aluminum content so that it does non over concentrate the biotic rhythm. Normally aluminium enters the encephalon through the blood-brain barrier ( BBB ) . It is suspected that the aluminum enters the encephalon by receptor-mediated endocytosis as a compound with beta globulin ( Roskams and Connor, 1990 ) . it has been reported that aluminum can come in into the encephalon as a compound with beta globulin which is bound to citrate through a specific transporter, Xca?’ ( l-glutamate/l-cysteine ) system money changer is the most likely agent as explained by Nagaswa. ( Nagasawa et al 2005 ) . High aluminum consumption has been related to the appearence a neurodegenerative disease ( Perl & A ; Moalem, 2006 ; Kawahara, 2005 ) . Aluminium has no biological benefit ( Yokel 2002 ) . It is a poison associated with some medical conditions such dialysis brain disorder ( Alfrey etA al. , 1976 ) , osteomalacia ( Parkinson etA al. , 1979 ) , and it has been found to hold links with many other diseases including Alzheimer ‘s disease ( Exley 1999 ; Gupta etA al. , 2005 ) , Parkinson ‘s disease ( PD ; Yasui etA al. , 1992 ) , and amyotrophic sidelong induration ( Kurland, 1988 ) .1.4 How are worlds exposed to aluminium?There are several avenues which worlds can be exposed to aluminium due to its natural copiousness in the environment. Traces can be found in nutrient, H2O and air and even more sums can be intentionally introduced by worlds ( Miller et al. , 1984 ; Cech and Montera. , 2000 ; Lettermann and Driscoll. , 1988 ) . Aluminium compounds can be found in pharmaceuticals like alkalizers, anodynes and antiperspirants. They are besides used in H2O intervention processes as coagulators and can even be fou nd as metal in mundane consumer merchandises like foil paper and take away nutrient boxes. Aluminium compounds are besides found in about all workss. Edible workss that are of course high in aluminum include murphies, Spinacia oleracea and tea foliages ( WHO, 1998 ) . A recent survey at Keele University besides warned that unnecessarily high sums of aluminum are being used in the fabrication of baby powdered milk and that the aluminum content of expressions prepared from powdery milks was significantly higher than ready-made milks, ensuing in babies consuming up to 600 I?g of aluminum per twenty-four hours Exley and Burrell, 2010. Pregnant adult females may be potentially exposed to aluminium through the diet ( including imbibing H2O ) , dust and dirt consumption and some medicines ( Roig et al. , 2006 ) . Surveies have proven that aluminum is a major subscriber to pathologies such as dialysis dementedness, iron-adequate microcytic anemia, osteomalacia ( [ Suwalsky et al. , 2004 ] a nd [ Domingo, 2006 ] ) Over the past 40 old ages the controversial inquiry refering the possible function for aluminium neurotoxicity in lending to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer ‘s disease has been debated but remains unsolved.hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=ArticleURL & A ; _udi=B6TCN-4P6VDVC-2 & A ; _user=128592 & A ; _coverDate=10 % 2F08 % 2F2007 & A ; _rdoc=1 & A ; _fmt=high & A ; _orig=gateway & A ; _origin=gateway & A ; _sort=d & A ; _docanchor= & A ; view=c & A ; _acct=C000010620 & A ; _version=1 & A ; _urlVersion=0 & A ; _userid=128592 & A ; md5=ab46010ee2e9fa0fa7782f2dba6ebd0e & A ; searchtype=a1.5 What do we already know about aluminum and seminal fluidSo far I have found out that although aluminum is largely a harmful metal with no direct biological benefit ( Yokel, 2002 ) , it is found in copiousness in our environment. ( Martin, 1997 ) .Aluminium in high concentrations was linked to reduced sperm motility ability ( Hovatta et al. , 1998 ) . It is besides responsible for impaired sperm quality. Research was undertaken to detect the underlying disagreements between sperm quality and geographic location by Hovatta and co-workers. Due to miss of elucidation as to factors doing the diminution, surveies to analyze seeds quality and the concentrations of aluminum, Cd and lead in sperm cell and seminal plasma in a group of employees of a refinery and a polyolefin mill and the consequences were compared with informations obtained from samples from sperm bank seeds quality ( Hovatta et al.,1998 ) . The survey discovered that the average sperm concentrations were similar in the mill employees ( 96H106/ml ) . The sperm giver campaigners of the comparing group had a important difference of ( 104H106/ml ) in 352 giver campaigners at the sperm bank of the Family Federation of Finland ( 107H106/ml ) between May 1993 and May 1995 ( Hovvatta et al. , 1998 ) . Research done in Finland discovered that high and unchanged sperm counts have been found ( Suominen and Vierula, 1993 ; Vierula et al. , 1996 ) . In contrast to that, two necropsy series of middle-aged Finnish work forces showed an addition in the incidence of upsets of spermatogenesis between the old ages 1981 and 1991 was unveiled ( Pajarinen et al. , 1997 ) . Meanwhile, decreased birthrate in Britain ran parallel with that in Finland, based on differences in the clip to construct ( Joffe, 1996 ) . Regional differences were besides apparent in the USA, with the highest mean sperm concentration being found in New York ( 131.03106/ml ) and ( A © European Society for Human Reproduction and Embryology ) 115 the lowest in California ( 72.73106/ml ) ( Fisch et al. , 1996 ) . A little addition in sperm concentration between the old ages 1972 and 1993 was seen in Seattle, Washington ( Paulsen et al. , 1996 ) . It has been suggested that environmental factors played a function in the diminution observed in Europe, particularly environmental oestrogens ( Sharpe and Skakkebaek, 1993 ) . Oestrogens have besides been suggested to hold caused the addition seen in the incidence of cryptorchidy and testicular malignant neoplastic disease ( Sharpe and Skakkebaek, 1993 ; Skakkebaek and Keiding, 1994 ) . Heavy metals are potentially pollutants that may be harmful to sperm production. Exposure due to business or geographics to several metals is known to impair sperm quality ( Schrag and Dixon, 1985 ) . Substances such as lead and Cd concentrations have been measured in human seeds, seminal plasma, sperm cell, blood and piss, and high concentrations have been found to be related to impaired sperm quality ( Lancranjan et al. , 1975 ; Plechaty et al. , 1977 ; Braunstein et al. , 1978 ; Pleban and Mei, 1983 ; Stanwell-Smith et al. , 1983 ; Thomas and Borgan, 1983 ; Saaranen et al. , 1987, 1989 ; Chia et a l. , 1992 ; Hu et al. , 1992 ; Xu et al. , 1993 ) . In several experiments, many metals have besides been shown to be harmful with respect to testicular map and sperm production ( Alabi et al. , 1985 ) . Aluminum may good be one of the possible pollutants, because it reduces the weight of the testicles and was seen to do reduced epididymal sperm counts in the mouse ( Llobet et al. , 1979 ) . When aluminum is ingested in big sums, it leads to accumulation in certain mark variety meats such as the homo and animate being testicular tissues which consequences in harm occurring. The of long-run ingestion of aluminum showed suppressive effects on sexual behavior, lessening in birthrate and aggressive behavior ( Bataineh et al. , 1998 ) . There is grounds implicating androgenic endocrines involved in mechanisms of aluminum toxicity on male reproduction ( Sharpe, 1990 ) . To add to that, Guo et Al. ( 2005a ) carried out trials that proved that aluminium disposal significantly increased azotic oxide ( NO ) production and decreased both testicular adenosine 3aˆ?,5aˆ?-cyclic monophosphate ( camp ) and testosterone degrees. They demonstrated that inordinate NO activated inducible NO synthase ( NOS ) which may be involved in generative toxicity of aluminum. Information refering the generative toxicity and testicular disfunction of aluminum still needs more research. Besides, the function of propolis against aluminum induced impairments in the generative ability of rats has non yet been discovered. The survey taken on by ( Yousef and Salama,2009 ) , was aimed at finding the generative toxicity of aluminum chloride in grownup male rats. It showed that aluminum enhanced lipid peroxidation in plasma, testicles, encephalon, kidney, lung and liver of coneies, and besides in civilization of coney sperm ( [ Yousef, 2004 ] , [ Yousef et al. , 2005 ] and [ Yousef et al. , 2007 ] ) . Besides, to measure the protective consequence of propolis against the possible testicular disfunction caused by aluminum chloride. Table 1. Relative weights ( g/100A g organic structure weight ) of sex variety meats of male rats treated with AlCl3, propolis and AlCl3 + propolis.ParameterExperimental groupsControlAlCl3PropolisAlCl3+PropolisTestiss 0.72A A ±A 0.093 0.58A A ±A 0.061** 0.78A A ±A 0.0739*** 0.66A A ±A 0.091* Seminal cyst 0.35A A ±A 0.061 0.20A A ±A 0.081** 0.39A A ±A 0.105*** 0.31A A ±A 0.119* Epididymis 0.27A A ±A 0.036 0.19A A ±A 0.037** 0.30A A ±A 0.036*** 0.24A A ±A 0.041* Prostate gland 0.16A A ±A 0.023 0.14A A ±A 0.021 0.16A A ±A 0.017 0.15A A ±A 0.02 Full-size tabular array Valuess are expressed as meansA A ±A SD ; nA =A 10 for each intervention group. Significant difference from the control group at **PA & lt ; A 0.01. Treatment of male rats with AlCl3 significantly ( PA & lt ; A 0.01 ) decreased sperm concentration and motility rate. Meanwhile increased dead and unnatural sperm, as compared to command and propolis groups were seen in Table 2. Treatment with propolis entirely showed no important effects on sperm concentration and motility. while caused important ( PA & lt ; A 0.05 ) lessening in dead and unnatural sperm compared to command group. On the other manus, intervention with propolis in combination with AlCl3 caused significantly alleviated the diminution in sperm concentration and motility, and significantly decreased the per centum of dead and unnatural sperm compared to AlCl3 group. This means that propolis minimized the toxicity of AlCl3.ignificant difference from the AlCl3-intoxicated group at # PA & lt ; A 0.05 and # # PA & lt ; A 0.01. Table 2. Changes in sperm concentration ( Sp. Conc. , A-106/ml ) , motility ( % ) , and dead ( % ) and unnatural ( % ) sperm of male rats treated with AlCl3, propolis and AlCl3A +A propolis.ParameterExperimental groupsControlAlCl3PropolisAlCl3 + PropolisSp. Conc. 212A A ±A 15.5 148A A ±A 8.1** 233A A ±A 12.1 # # 199A A ±A 7.5 # # Motility 72.4A A ±A 1.89 50.9A A ±A 2.64** 79.7A A ±A 1.64 # # 70.5A A ±A 1.43 # # Dead 25.2A A ±A 1.95 45.1A A ±A 2.21** 20.2A A ±A 1.78* # # 28.8A A ±A 3.01 # # Abnormal 14.6A A ±A 1.96 21.3A A ±A 2.312** 11.6A A ±A 1.27* # # 16.7A A ±A 1.337 # # Full-size tabular array Valuess are expressed as meansA A ±A SD ; nA =A 10 for each intervention group.Significant difference from the control group at *PA & lt ; A 0.05 and **PA & lt ; A 0.01.Significant difference from the AlCl3-intoxicated group at # PA & lt ; A 0.05 and # # PA & lt ; A 0.01. This survey observed the consequence of aluminum chloride on sperm motility. ( Table 2 ) . Additionally, Dawson et al. , 1998 E.B. Dawson, S. Ritter, W.A. Harris, D.R. Evans and L.C. Powell, Comparison of sperm viability with seminal plasma metal degrees, Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 64 ( 1998 ) , pp. 215-223.Dawson et Al. ( 1998 ) found that high concentrations of aluminum in human sperm cell and seminal plasma are correlated with reduced sperm motility and viability. Motility is important in enabling the sperm to swim through the female generative piece of land and make the egg cell to accomplish fertilisation ( Aitken, 1995 ) . The observation can be concluded by stating that the lessening in sperm motility was caused in portion to the attendant decrease in testosterone production ( [ Guo et al. , 2005a ] and [ Yousef et al. , 2005 ] ) following aluminum intervention. Table 3. Plasma testosterone concentration ( ng/ml ) and activity of testicular 17- ketosteroid reductase enzyme ( U/min/mg protein ) , and testes protein content ( mg/g tissue ) of male rats treated with AlCl3, propolis and AlCl3 + propolis.ParametersExperimental groupsControlAlCl3PropolisAlCl3 + PropolisTestosterone 1.31A A ±A 0.244 1.00A A ±A 0.115* 1.51A A ±A 0.113* # 1.15A A ±A 0.064 # 17-Ketosteroid Reductase enzyme 14.6A A ±A 2.02 10.2A A ±A 1.13** 19.1A A ±A 1.49** # # 12.8A A ±A 2.03* # Protein content 76A A ±A 4.4 60A A ±A 4.7** 105A A ±A 5.3** # # 75A A ±A 5.2 # # Full-size tabular array Valuess are expressed as meansA A ±A SD ; nA =A 10 for each intervention group.Significant difference from the control group at *PA & lt ; A 0.05 and **PA & lt ; A 0.01.Significant difference from the AlCl3-intoxicated group at # PA & lt ; A 0.05 and # # PA & lt ; A 0.01. Datas in Table 3 showed important lessening in plasma testosterone concentration ( PA A 0.05 ) and testicular protein ( PA A 0.01 ) in rats treated with AlCl3 compared to command. While, propolis significantly increased testosterone and protein content and alleviated the negative effects for AlCl3 in group 4 on these parametric quantities. Aluminium chloride exposure displayed gonadotoxic effects in male rats and maternal decease was associated with foetal decease in pregnant rats. The exposure to aluminum increases the incidence of fetal abnormalcies in rats and mice ( Belles et al. , 1999 ) . The survey of Guo et Al. ( 2005a ) demonstrated that exposure to aluminium lowered plasma and testicular testosterone degrees in mice. It was suggested that the terrible decrease in male libido and birthrate following the aluminium disposal might be a consequence from inordinate aluminum accretion in the testicles and low testosterone concentrations. High degrees of aluminum in aluminium-treated mice were evident at hebdomad 3 before the effects on male libido and birthrate manifested. The disagreement was reasoned such that aluminium accretion failed to instantly impact the enzymes for androgen biogenesis or bring forth a possible perturbation in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. However, the present survey showed that AlCl3 caused important diminution in the activity of 17-ketosteroid reductase after 70A yearss intervention ( Table 3 ) . Table 4. Changes in the activities of catalase ( CAT ; mol/h/g tissue ) and glutathione S-transferase ( GST ; I?mol/min/g tissue ) , and the degrees of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances ( TBARS ; nmol/g tissue ) and reduced glutathione ( GSH ; mM/g tissue ) in testicles of rats treated with AlCl3, propolis and AlCl3A +A propolis.ParameterExperimental groupsControlAlCl3PropolisAlCl3+PropolisCat 6.96A A ±A 1.140 3.01A A ±A 0.578 ** 9.95A A ±A 1.050 ** # # 5.89A A ±A 0.793 # # GST 1.08A A ±A 0.100 0.59A A ±A 0.154** 1.43A A ±A 0.299 ** # # 0.96A A ±A 0.125 # # TBARS 71.8A A ±A 5.58 195.9A A ±A 10.62 ** 60.4A A ±A 6.18 * # # 97.4A A ±A 9.58 * # # GSH 6.02A A ±A 0.694 4.15A A ±A 0.690 * 8.25A A ±A 0.902 * # # 5.74A A ±A 1.863 # Full-size tabular array Valuess are expressed as meansA A ±A SD ; nA =A 10 for each intervention group.Significant difference from the control group at *PA & lt ; A 0.05 and **PA & lt ; A 0.01.Significant difference from the AlCl3-intoxicated group at # PA & lt ; A 0.05 and # # PA & lt ; A 0.01. The control testicles are surrounded by a dense hempen tissue capsule known as the adventitia albuginea The histological survey showed that.The testies are divided into lobules by thin hempen septa ; the interstitial tissue surrounds the lobules which contain several seminiferous tubules within them. The tubules are lined with germ cells in assorted phases of spermatogonia, some primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and mature sperm cell that occupy the Centre of the tubule. Between the spermatogonia and the balance of the basal lamina are the sertoli cells. The interstitial tissue is supported by Leydig cells in chief. They occur singly or in bunchs and are embedded in the rich rete of blood and lymph capillaries. Observations of testicles treated with AlCl3 revealed several changes. The accretion of exfoliated source cells within some seminiferous tubules affected their architecture and left them disorganized. Some tubules exhibited ripening apprehension. And moreover, so me source cells had little and darkly stained nuclei. Marked dilation and congestion of blood vass were noticed in the interstitial infinites. Hyperplasia of Leydig was detected in the interstitial tissue. The Leydig cells became crowded and formed dense bunchs that surrounded most of the seminiferous tubules ( Fig. 2 ) . Some subdivisions of testicles of the rats treated with propolis entirely showed that they were less or more similar to the control subdivisions ( Fig. 3 ) . Testis of rats treated with aluminium plus propolis revealed that it regained about all of its original construction and singular Restoration of the normal image of seminiferous tubules was attained. The germ cells appeared regular in form with disappearing of most cytoplasmatic vacuolization. Most of the karyon became vesicular ( Fig. 4 ) . Testes accumulate high aluminium over age in rats ( Gomez et al. , 1997 ) . Light microscopy of silver-stained paraffin subdivisions of the testicles demonstrated legion i ntracytoplasmic black-stained all right farinaceous inclusions in Leydig cells ( Reusche et al. , 1994 ) . The histological alterations in testicles of rats treated with AlCl3 ( Fig. 2 ) is coincident with the obtained informations by Khattab ( 2007 ) who studied the consequence of AlCl3 on the testicles of rats after an intraperitoneal injection was administered. The testicles showed histological disturbance including terrible harm within the seminiferous tubules and vascular devolution on the spermatogenic and sertoli cells cytol. The originative epithelial tissue of the seminiferous tubules was thinner in topographic points and spermatids became really scarce in presence. Sperm Numberss was low and there were no sperm in the lms. Besides, up on negatron microscopic surveies, in the aluminium-treated group, there were some anomalousnesss in the atomic membrane, amendss to some chondriosomes, ribosomes population lessening, and an addition in the figure of lysosomes in the sertoli cell cytol. In the primary spermatocyte cytol, there was an addition in the unsmooth endoplasmic Reticulum. Guo et Al. ( 2005b ) found that after 2 hebdomads of aluminum intervention, hurtful effects and histopathological alterations of testicular tissues were observed. However, noticeable spermatogenetic loss was viewed as necroses in the spermatids and sperm cell in aluminium-treated group at hebdomad 5. The damage caused by aluminum was accompanied chiefly by the drawn-out accretion of aluminum in the mice testest. Fig. 1.A Photomicrograph of control testicle subdivision demoing interstitial cells ( I ) and germ cells ( G ) . H & A ; E discoloration ( 400A- ) . Fig. 2.A Photomicrograph of testicle subdivision that treated with aluminum demoing germ cells ( G ) , exfoliated source cells ( E ) , hyperplasia of Leydig cells ( I ) and vacuolization ( V ) . H & A ; E discoloration ( 400A- ) . Fig. 3.A Photomicrograph of testicle that treated with propolis demoing germ cells ( G ) . H & A ; E discoloration ( 400A- ) . Fig. 4.A Photomicrograph of testicle subdivision that treated with Aluminium and propolis demoing germ cells ( G ) . H & A ; E discoloration ( 400A- ) .1.6 Purposes and aims of my undertakingIn this undertaking my chief purpose was to find the presence of aluminum in seminal fluid and sperm cell. I had to found out if aluminum was present in the seminal fluid or the sperm cell.DiscussionTHE EFFECT OF ORAL HIGH ALUMINIUM INTAKE ONRAT SPERMATOGENESISI.M.D. Rashidi. Head of section & A ; member of adept commission Dept of pathology Medical school Ahwaz medical university, Ahwaz Iran Aluminum is one of the most abundant elements in the Earth crust and enters to the organic structure through imbibing H2O, foods and drugs like antacids. Aluminium poising causes broad scope of upsets, including: a lessening in the release of neurotransmiters and suppression of electromotive force dependent Ca channels. The function of Ca on GnRH release and its action is detected so, in this perusal, the consequence of high aluminum consumption on rats spermatogenesis is investigated. The experiment performed in four groups, a control group and three experimental groups consumed 0.625, 1.25 and 2.5 milligram aluminum per gm diet for 60 yearss. Epididymis and vessel deferens were dissected cut and diluted with normal salin. In all groups weight of vessel deferens, epididymis, testicle and whole animate being, sperm count per gm deferens and epididymis tissues were determined so, the testicular tissues fixed in formol for survey of histopathology. The consequences have shown that in experimental groups which consumed 1.25 and 2.5 milligram aluminum per gm diet, the vessel deferens, epididymis, testicle and carnal weight were significantly decreased. In this animals the figure of sperm per gm tissues from vessel deferens, epididymis were reduced. The ripening apprehension is seen in seminoferous canal and it have n't spermatogenesis. Therefore, this analyzing indicated that high aluminum consumption in rat have an suppressing consequence on spermatogenesis and this consequence is dose dependant. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.sciencedirect.com/science? _ob=MImg & A ; _imagekey=B6TCR-4CB7K82-GF-1 & A ; _cdi=5177 & A ; _user=128592 & A ; _pii=S0378427403904048 & A ; _origin=gateway & A ; _coverDate=09 % 2F28 % 2F2003 & A ; _sk=998559999.8998 & A ; view=c & A ; wchp=dGLzVtb-zSkzV & A ; md5=1f1a3377fb5ad50ff2bd8ffd8947d810 & A ; ie=/sdarticle.pdf Read and summarize but cite hypertext transfer protocol: //humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/13/1/115.full.pdf

Business Decision Making

The methodology for this report will focus upon both primary and secondary research methods which will be used to obtain the opinions of the asked passer. Needled et-al (2003) states that primary research mainly consists of data collected by an organization, or individual, for their own purposes and are generally collated first hand from ‘the horses mouth'. Needled (2003) offers the opinion that the main methods of collating primary research are through conducting face to face Interviews, telephone interview, questionnaires and through direct observations.Primary data can be either qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative research data tend to be more explanatory whereas quantitative is generally more descriptive. The main part of the research for this project will consist of one primary method, survey. The survey questioned passers within Princess to determine what they think about the Princess. This method has been chosen as it is easy method to collate considerable data and it is a relatively cheap method of collating the data.To ensure response rates were high, the passers were asked face to face. I have chosen to opt against a paper based System as Needled et-al (2003) offers the argument that response rates to costal systems are often as low as 30% and I feel this method may introduce bias to the overall conclusion. There the alternative option of personally distributing and collecting the surveys for which Sweeten (2002) claims can increase the response rate to almost 70%.However given the short timescales for the project I only intend to sample the views of 20 people. Questionnaires are quite popular when collecting data, but are difficult to design and often need many drafts before having a final questionnaire. These drafts are called pilot questionnaires. Again because of the given short time call I was only able design one pilot. It emerged that the questionnaire was too long. The final questionnaire was then amended by the KISS theory'- keep i t short and simple.Random sampling was used as non random sampling is impracticable and often very costly in terms of time. After collecting the primary data, the data was then exported into Microsoft Excel to provide a more professional presentation for this document in providing professional graphs and findings. Secondary research All methods of data collection supply quantitative data (numbers, statistics) or qualitative data (usually words or text).Secondary data is data that has already been collected by someone else for a different purpose as the investigator. Main methods that is used to for the collection Of secondary data: Data supplied by a marketing organization Annual company reports Government statistics / surveys Academic surveys Company data (payroll details, minutes of meetings, accounts of sales of goods or services) Whilst theory is a crucial factor in academic learning and organizational success leading academics offer different views on it effectiveness.Saunders et-al (2003) explains that secondary research, especially academic journals, re the most important source for any research because they are evaluated by academic peers prior to publication therefore generally of good quality. Gharry (1995) offers the opinion that secondary research is has there are major advantages of secondary research mainly through savings in time, money and resources as academic literature from various sources is widely available and easily obtainable.However Needled et-al (2003) warns that the information may not always be of good quality, may not represent the whole picture and the research could be out of date. These opinions were considered whilst conducting the literature review. After having contacted the Princess press department the result was that due to the fact that the Princess is a new development, secondary data was not available. Rest Its The layout of the questionnaire was divided in three parts – introductory questions, main questions and final questions.Topic: What do you think of the Princess development? Number of questioned people: 20 Introductory questions The introductory questions are of assistance to find out general information about the questioned person. 1. Gender 2. Age group 3. Employment status 4. Marital status Main questions Main questions are in place in order to gather information about the topic of the question naira. 5. Purpose of the visit 6. Preferred time to visit 7. Does it meet expectations? 8. What were the expectations? 9. Affect on Setter's other high street retailers and restaurants 10.Overall affect of the Princess Shopping Centre to Exeter Final questions The final questions help to calm down and relax from the main part. It can also seen as fun part. 11. Favorite new shop 12. Favorite new restaurant/cafe The Upper Crust Memo To: Quality Control Manager From: Tugboat Vic Sicken c: Date: January 31, 2015 Re: Result of samples 65 loaves of bread with a weight range of 780-830 g Average w eight (mean) of loaves 804. 74 g The middle loaf (median) weighs 804. 9 g The most common (mode) loaf weight is 804. 9 g The Standard deviation of each loaf is 9. G The weight of the lower quartile is (IQ) is 798. 48 g Q = Median = 804. 9 g The weight of the upper quartile is (Q) is 811. 1 g The intrauterine range is 12. 62 g Box + Whisker plot Due to wastage we lost 805 loaves Task 5 Correlation The correlation is one of the most common and most useful statistics. A correlation is a single number that describes the degree of relationship between two variables. If points in scatter diagram cluster close to the line then there is a strong correlation in place and if points are more widely scattered the correlation is weak.Positive correlation If an increase in one variable tends to be associated with an increase in the other then this is known as a positive correlation. An example would be height and weight. Taller people tend to be heavier. Negative correlation If an increase in one variable tends to be associated with a decrease in the other then this is known as a negative correlation. An example would be height above sea level and temperature. As you climb the mountain (increase n height) it gets colder (decrease in temperature).No correlation A zero correlation occurs when there is no relationship between variables. The picture below shows a guide to the strength of correlation Strengths of correlations 1 . Correlation enables the researcher to examine naturally occurring variables that perhaps unethical or impractical to test experimentally. For instance, it would be unethical to carry out an experiment on whether smoking causes lung cancer. 2. Correlation enables the researcher to clearly and easily see if there is a relationship between variables. This Can then be displayed in a replica form.Limitations of correlations 1 . Correlation is not and cannot be taken to imply causation. Even if there is a very strong relationship between two variables we cann ot assume that one causes the other. For example suppose we found a positive correlation between watching violence on T. V. And violent behavior in teenage years. It could be that the cause of both these is a third (irrelevant) variable – say for example, growing up in a violent home – and that both the watching of T. V. And the violent behavior are the outcome of this. . Correlation does not allow us to go beyond the data that is given. For example suppose it was found that there was a relationship between time spent on homework (112 hour to 3 hours) and number of G. C. S. E. Passes (1 to 6). It would not be correct to conclude from this that spending 6 hours on homework would be likely to generate 12 G. C. S. E. Passes 5 A + B. Rest It: The older the car gets (increase) the less is it worth (decrease). The scatter diagram above shows that the correlation is stronger after the first two years.There is no straight line relationship. The points on the graph with couple of exceptions form a curve which suggests it is not a linear relationship. The explanation of partial in the correlation result means that it is not 100% correlated because of other factors that influenced it. Coefficient of determination: 65. 61 % of the behavior of y is determined by x + 34. 39 % by other factors. The aim of regression analysis is to find out the values of parameters for a function that cause the function to best fit a set of data observations that it's provided.In linear regression, the function is a linear (straight-line) equation. The equation and the table above show that the value of the car decreases by a constant amount each year after its purchase. The following linear function loud predict its value Value = price + departed*age Value, the dependent variable, is the value of the car, age is the age of the car. The regression analysis will determine the best values of the two parameters, price, the estimated value when age is O (I. E. , when the car was new ), departed, the depreciation that takes place each year.The value of departed will be negative because the car loses value as age increases. However as we can see in the table after 12 years the equation gives a negative value. This would be not possible in reality. A car cannot be worth E-340. 06. The problem with the equitation is that it is not realistic. The equation is only correct in terms Of figures. E. The equation does not include the factors that can influence the price of a used car. It only considers the age of the car. However there can be several other factors that can influence the price of a used car.Mileage Color- In other words, some colors, like â€Å"ROI Yellow Pearl†, appeal only to a small segment of the population and brings down the car's worth in many eyes Fuel type Engine size Transmission Number of doors Private or trade seller – Trade seller are always more expensive as trader adds profit on the actual value of the car. Previous owner †“ For example if a elderly person was the previous owner it is very likely that the car was only used for short distances (shopping, doctor consultations) On the other hand if the car was used at a driving school then it is very likely that the car was not treated well from the learners. F. Business decision makers need to find out very often the casual relationship between two variables. For instance, the relationship between interest rates and consumer expenditure. Furthermore a financial analyst may use regression and correlation to help understand the relationship of a financial ratio to a set of other variables in business. Correlations can be helpful in business. Once a correlation is identified, organizations can determine if the correlation indicates causation. With this information, the company can develop methods to influence the correlation to the organization's benefit.Task AAA. Total float The longest the start of an activity can be delayed from its earliest start tim e (EST) without delaying the project. Free float The longest an activity can be delayed from its EST without delaying the EST of any immediately following activities. By looking at the table, those tasks without a total float' (I . E. Zero) are considered ‘critical' and coincidentally are mound on the critical path. It is therefore important that these tasks are not delayed in order to complete the project on time as planned.Recognizing and integrating float is very important. For example, those tasks that do carry float may have resources (labor, capital, equipment, etc) that could be used elsewhere to complete other tasks quicker. Also, for those tasks that do carry float, any delays can be accepted. As the resource diagram below shows, 6 assistants are required for the job. Furthermore the whole procedure will take 25 days. After rescheduling the activities only 4 assistants are required. Apart from this the whole procedure will take 21 days. 70.Critical Path Analysis (CPA) is a planning and project management tool. It can help make sure a project is completed as quickly as possible, and resources used as efficiently as possible. The business is able to give the customer exact information such as finish date, required assistants. Furthermore, most projects come across with delays or something unexpected, so managers need to use tool such as CPA to monitor the project and take quick action to resolve any problems. This enables the business to avoid any delays and the consequential customer complaints. Business Decision Making Leadership in today's organizations is a tough business. Organizational leaders face a number of significant challenges as their jobs, and the world around them, become increasingly complex (Zaccaro & Klimoski, 2001). Trends such as organizational â€Å"delayering, † rapid technological advances, the proliferation of teambased organizations, and increased employee empowerment require that leaders adapt their techniques and styles of leadership to meet these new challenges.In the face of all these changes, researchers and management education specialists are working to find methods to develop more effective leaders. Old techniques of development are criticized and questioned, and new techniques are created—often before they are adequately tested and thoroughly understood. New techniques can become instant â€Å"fads. † In recent years, there has been an explosion of interest in leadership.The bulk of research efforts has gone into trying to understand leadershipâ €”how it operates— and into identifying the characteristics of effective leaders. Although interpersonal relationships have always held importance within the organizational literature (Blau, 1964), a focus on relational perspectives is recently experiencing renewed interest in organizational behavior and leadership research (Day, 2000). According to Hunt and Dodge (2001), relational perspectives are at the forefront of emerging leadership thrusts.A relational focus is one that â€Å"moves beyond unidirectional or even reciprocal leader–follower relationships to one that recognizes leadership wherever it occurs, is not restricted to a single or even small set of formal or informal leaders, and in its strongest form, functions as a dynamic system embedding leadership, environmental, and organizational aspects† (Hunt & Dodge, 2001, p. 448). An area of research that speaks directly to leadership development, as defined by Day (2000), is Leader–Member Exch ange (LMX) theory.Researchers working with this leadership model have been investigating the value of developing effective work relationships between managers and subordinates for the past 30. During this time, LMX has shown the value of high-quality relationships and the problems associated with lower quality relationships. The purpose of this work is to discuss LMX theory, research, and practice on leadership development. The paper begins by briefly reviewing the value of relationships from a social capital perspective and then defines leadership relative to relationships.Leadership is engaging in behaviors that create change, and creating change requires influence. To be leaders, therefore, individuals need to have and effectively use influence. Influence is the power to affect others: the ability to produce outcomes due to some personal characteristic that gets others to follow. By definition, influence is inherently interpersonal. Influence takes place within the context of int erpersonal relationships. According to relational leadership theories, influence comes from relationships.Relational perspectives in leadership view leadership as generated through mutual influence that results from the development of trust, respect, and obligation among dyad members. LMX theory describes this influence as being created through stages of relationship building. Individuals begin at a â€Å"stranger† stage, get to know one another through testing processes, and as a result of the testing process, either progress to an advanced stage of leadership development (e. g., partnership) or remain at lower levels of relationship development (e. g. , acquaintance or stranger). Those who attain more advanced stages of relationship building—and thus develop more effective relationships with interdependent others (e. g. , managers and other higher-ups, subordinates, peers, clients, external constituents)—are able to more effectively perform their roles. More e ffective, or high-quality, leader– member exchanges are described as leadership rather than as supervisory relationships.High-quality relationships are considered mature partnerships based on respect, trust, and mutual obligation for one another (Graen& Uhl-Bien, 1995). These relationships go beyond the formal contract and generate personal power (i. e. , influence given by the other), rather than position power or authority. They are also characterized by willing followership, meaning employees are driven by intrinsic as opposed to extrinsic motivation. As a result, dyad partners (i. e., individuals engaged in an exchange) act because they want to, not because they have to. Research on LMX shows that more effectively developed relationships have significant and positive associations with performance, organizational commitment, employee citizenship behavior (i. e. , extra-role behavior), job satisfaction, delegation and participation in decision making, and enhanced career de velopment opportunities. These relationships are negatively related to turnover, job problems, and role conflict and ambiguity.The benefits of high-quality relationships come from relational resources they create. Such resources include durable obligations (e. g. , arising from feelings of gratitude, respect, and friendship), network contacts and connections (including privileged access to information and opportunities, social status, and reputation of influential others), and the ability to have open information exchanges with those around them (Nahapiet & Ghoshal, 1998). Relationships that do not develop so well are considered lower quality.These relationships are not as beneficial for the individuals involved or for the organization as a whole. Lower quality relationships are described as contractually defined, formal exchanges based on limited trust and in-role interactions (Uhl-Bien et al. , 2000). These types of relationships generate management rather than leadership. They ar e characterized by lack of mutual respect, formal downward communications, little mutual understanding, limited support and commitment for one another, and no mutual obligation (i. e. , a â€Å"stranger† relationship).Findings have shown that lower quality relationships are negatively related to satisfaction, organizational citizenship behaviors, and commitment, and are positively related to turnover. Thus, based on relational leadership theory, effective relationships may generate mutual influence and understanding that allow leaders to more effectively perform their roles. In contrast to hierarchical and leader-dominated perspectives on relational differentiation, the goal and responsibility of leadership should be to work to develop effective relationships more broadly with interdependent others, rather than with only a group of â€Å"trusted assistants†.Drawing from the foundations established by Day (2000), leadership development needs to be considered (a) beyond hierarchical notions of manager–subordinate relationships, (b) as the responsibility of both members of the dyad (rather than leader-controlled), and (c) with allowance for more variability in what is considered a high-quality, or effective, relationship.A high-quality exchange is characterized by positive leadership processes that are indicative of a social exchange, such as increased subordinate job latitude and influence in decision making, more open and honest subordinate communication with the supervisor, and greater trust and loyalty among dyad members (Cogliser & Schriesheim, 2000). Low-quality LMX relationships are more economic or transactional in nature, and dyadic behaviors rarely progress beyond what is specified in the employment contract.With regard to leadership development, those subordinates interested in leadership development receive it as part of the relationship contract. Those that are not interested in becoming leaders do not receive leadership developm ent as part of their psychological contract and receive a different allocation of on-the-job training. Effective organizations have units that are tied together, through â€Å"linking-pin† positions, where members in these organizations become more aware of problems at lower levels in the system and coordinate activities efficiently through accurate flows of information, influence, and resources among the units involved.The persons occupying these linking-pin positions are integrated members in two or more groups and play the role of both supervisor and subordinate. Graen and his colleagues explored the effectiveness of the LMX relationship between incumbents of linking-pin positions and their supervisors and the behavior, attitudes, and treatment of lower level members (Graen, Cashman, Ginsburgh, & Schiemann, 1977). They found that the quality of LMX of the linking-pin incumbent was related to the quality of working life of the followers who reported to the linking pin.When subordinates develop high-quality exchanges with their bosses, they receive greater influence, latitude, support, and attention from their bosses, and they experience a more desirable situation overall. These researchers continued by pointing out that the quality of members in a higher dyad (hierarchically) contributed to the quality of life of members in hierarchically lower dyads. The LMX model clearly has utility for its application to leadership development.Empirical studies have supported the relationship of high-quality exchanges with positive organizational outcomes, and the broader leadership literature supports the cascading or waterfall effect of the supervisor's leadership behavior impacting the subordinates. There is a clear need for methods that more effectively socialize junior managers for executive positions. Dyad-level coaching may be one of the most effective means for transmitting organizational culture, thereby promoting the organization's core values.Dyad manage ment development has not been utilized to the full extent possible to leverage the potential of the pool of executive talent. The LMX literature says that LMX differentiation, in which leaders have higher quality relationships with some subordinates and lower quality relationships with others, occurs because leaders do not have time (or the need) to generate highquality relationships with everyone. Therefore, they develop a group of trusted assistants to help them perform the work of the unit.These trusted assistants would supposedly be the best or most reliable employees in the unit. Twenty years after the inception of the theory, Graen and Uhl-Bien (1995) argued that the creation of â€Å"in-groups† and â€Å"out-groups† within work units is not beneficial, and that instead leaders should strive to develop high-quality relationships with all subordinates. They do this by â€Å"making the offer† of high-quality relationships to all and then through testing proc esses, different quality relationships result (Uhl-Bien et al., 2000). This perspective allows for the fact that all relationships may not (and likely will not) reach high quality, but at least the dyad members both take part in how the relationship develops (rather than the leader determining who will be the trusted assistants) and have the opportunity to create a high-quality relationship. This perspective also recognizes that a focus on differentiation rather than on high-quality relationships offered to all creates tremendous opportunity for lost potential in organizations.When individuals are not fully committed (or are dissatisfied), they will withdraw discretionary behaviors that benefit others or the organization (e. g. , helping, altruism, civic behaviors). These discretionary behaviors are beneficial to the organization, and as a result, much attention has been given in the literature to determining when and how individuals engage in these behaviors. Instead of LMX differe ntiation, therefore, goal should be for individuals to strive to have influence with one another (and with higher-ups).With the support of a relationship, individuals are freer to open up and provide one another with more accurate and complete information (Avolio, 1999) so they can provide the â€Å"real† information (the â€Å"real† story). This goes both ways: with a good relationship comes reduced filtering (holding back) of information, both up and down the hierarchy. It allows individuals to share with one another the hard truth. Too many leaders do not have good information, and too many hold back in being truthful with their subordinates.If to extend this beyond managers to leaders more broadly, then organizational members need to be comfortable with providing information to one another, and this comes with having effective work relationships. Remembering that effective leaders are defined as those who use influence to create change, individuals' abilities to be effective leaders are directly related to their ability to have influence in the organization. Since effective work relationships can extend individuals' influence networks, those who have more effective relationships with others will likely have more opportunity to gain and use influence.Therefore, leadership effectiveness is likely enhanced by the ability to build effective work relationships with a broader range of interdependent others. In a study of communications within Leader-Member Exchanges, Schiemann ( 1977) found that those members with relatively higher quality LMXs communicated more frequently with their managers about administrative and technical matters than did members with relatively lower quality LMXs. These results were cross-validated on a holdout sample of managers.Apparently, there is much more communication in higher quality LMXs than in the lower quality LMXs. Thus, effective communications are an important aspect of the development of high-quality LMXs. Fla uto’s (1999) study is in response to the global question, â€Å"How are communication and leadership linked? † This study drew subjects from a variety of organizations in Ohio, eastern Indiana, northern Kentucky, and western West Virginia. Twenty to fifty subjects were drawn from each of nine organizations.Organizations participating in the study were two financial service organizations, a retail sales organization, a military unit, a subsurface coal mining organization, a suburban police department, a rural bank branch, a local post office, and a food service organization. Transactional and transformational leadership were measured using subscales of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ). A six-item, three-factor subscale was created for the transformational leadership dimension and a four-item, two-factor subscale was created for the transactional leadership dimension.Subjects responded to each of the behavioral anchored items by selecting one of five respon ses that applied to their leader. The leader-member exchange dimension was measured by a subscale consisting of the six items of the LMX-6 scale. The LMX-6 scale contains items that measure the three factors of leader-member exchange. Responses are on a five-point Likert-type scale. The relationship is the highest among all of the variables in the study. This finding supports the conclusions of Day (2000) that communication attributes can distinguish between levels of leader-member exchange quality.The finding also fits into the theoretical framework of the leader-member approach to leadership that requires successful communication exchange in order to form the â€Å"in-group† relationship that characterizes high quality leader-member exchange. The communicative competence of the leader, and its affect on communication effectiveness as evidenced by member perception of leader-member agreement, appears to be a necessary precondition for a high quality leader-member exchange re lationship. At the lower levels of communication competence, high quality leader-member relationships do not exist.The leader displays charisma by communicating enthusiasm and providing a model, shows individual consideration by direct interaction and providing tailored assistance, and stimulates intellect by communicating ideas. Day (2000) defines transformational leaders as leaders who use rhetorical skills to establish a common vision. Not surprisingly, members report a high relationship between transformational leadership and communication competence. In the least squares hierarchical multiple regression analyses, transformational leadership is the best single predictor of communication competence.Transformational leadership is of high quality when the leader exhibits high communication competency. Dyads with high communication competence and low transformational leadership and dyads with low communication competence and high transformational leadership do not exist. Leadership, however it is theoretically or operationally defined, is a social process and involves a relationship between individuals. This social process and this relationship are enacted through communication. These sessions were conducted with all participants in the treatment group.Before and after results, in terms of performance, were compared for this group and for other groups from the department, which were not exposed to the LMX treatment. Productivity increases measured in terms of the quantity of cases handled showed a significant advantage in favor of the group that was trained in LMX. Furthermore, this gain was primarily a function of effects that occurred in a high–growth need group of subjects. This latter index was included in the study because a job enrichment treatment based on job characteristics theory was introduced, along with the LMX treatment.Any job enrichment effects per se, however, were negated by certain policy changes that were introduced by the organizati on unknown to the experimenters; thus job characteristics theory was not, in fact, tested. A subsequent publication, based on data from the same context, was aimed at determining whether low or high initial LMX subjects were most responsive to the treatment effects. The results clearly indicated that the low LMX subjects responded most positively to the treatment in terms of both the quality of their leader–member exchanges and the quantity of their productivity.Another report on this project substantiates the moderator effects of growth need strength, but makes no mention of the finding that low– quality leader–member exchange translates into greater productivity with the appropriate training. This latter result is most consistent with theory in that it means that dyadic partnership building applied across the board should result in both low– and high–quality dyads initially moving with training to high–quality relationships. However, if gr owth need strength is a moderator of the training effect, one would anticipate that it would also moderate the initial dyadic choices as well.In such an event low–quality dyads would not contain many high– managed strength people and thus would offer little potential for upward movement. This seeming contradiction is neither explained nor even confronted. Growth need strength is not a component of the theory as stated in comprehensive forms. Research on LMXs illustrates the importance of leader-follower relationships. The point here is simply that 30 years of research on LMXs has conclusively demonstrated the effect of exchange quality on a number of important organizational outcomes.Specifically, in a meta-analysis of this area of leadership research, Gerstner and Day (1997) found that the quality of the LMX was significantly related to job performance, satisfaction with supervision, overall satisfaction, commitment, role conflict (negative relation), role clarity, me mber competence, and turnover intentions (negative relation). After reviewing the extensive LMX literature, Gerstner and Day's conclusion was â€Å"we view the relationship with one's supervisor as a lense through which the entire work experience is viewed† (p. 840).However, although LMX offers evidence to support the value of relational approaches to leadership, many questions still remain about key issues related to leadership development. In particular, a question that needs to be addressed in LMX research is: what leads to development of higher and lower quality work relationships (e. g. , antecedents to LMX)? Although past research has investigated antecedents to LMX, a clear picture of what these are and how they operate still has not emerged. References Avolio, B. J. (1999). Full leadership development: Building the vital forces in organizations.Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Blau, P. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: Wiley. Cogliser, C. C. , & Schriesheim , C. A. (2000). ‘Explori ngworkun itcontex tand leader-membe rexchange: A multi-level perspective. ’ Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21 (5). Day, D. V. (2000). ‘Leadership development: A review in context. ’ Leadership Quarterly, 11. Flauto, Frank J. (1999). ‘Walking the Talk: The Relationship between Leadership and Communication Competence’. Journal of Leadership Studies. Graen, G. B. , & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995).‘Relationship–based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) theory of leadership over 25 years: Applying a multi-level multidomain perspective. ’ The Leadership Quarterly, 6. Hunt, J. G. , & Dodge, G. E. (2001). ‘Leadership d? eja vu all over again. ’ Leadership Quarterly, 11 (4). Nahapiet, J. , & Ghoshal, S. (1998). ‘Social capital, intellectual capital, and the organizational advantage. ’ Academy of Management Review, 23 (2). Zaccaro, S. J. , & Klimoski, R. J. (2001). The nature of organizational leadership: Understanding the performance imperatives confronting today's leaders. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Global Management Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Global Management Report - Assignment Example The company uses the number to strategize on long-term sustainable growth. The annual report of 2014 indicated a 4.3% market share above top competitors such as Kantar Grocery Market (Johnlewispartnership.co.uk, 2015). Operating margin is measured in percentage and often expressed as a part of the revenue (Marr, 2012). John Lewis uses operating margin to measure or indicate its overall profitability. The company uses the data to evaluate the pricing strategy and operating efficiency. The company generated an operating margin of 5.2% in 2014 due to pension operating and restructuring costs. John Lewis uses this measure to know the amount of profit left after cost and expense deductions are made. The deductions must be made before partnership bonus, tax and exceptional item. The company knows its trading strength when it utilizes profit before partnership bonus, tax and exceptional item. John Lewis struggled with increased pension cost in 2014 and generated $375.9M. Group profit margin is a percentage of revenue and is expressed through profit before partnership bonus, tax and exceptional item (Marr, 2012). John Lewis uses group profit margin measure to know how its profitability is changing with different revenue levels. The company generated a group profit margin of 3.6% after exceptional item was included (Johnlewispartnership.co.uk, 2015). Measuring the amount of cash generated through group business operation is essential for John Lewis. John Lewis group uses cash flow from operations measures to ascertain if there is adequate positive cash flow to sustain its operation and indicate the need for external financing. The cash flow is generated from Group business operations. Normal pension contributions went high in 2014 and contributed to $784M cash flow. The figure was also attributed to low improvements in the company’s working capital. The company’s process of acquiring physical and intangible assets such as

Perspectives on Industrial and Corporate Change Case Study

Perspectives on Industrial and Corporate Change - Case Study Example Organizational structure and the leadership style as they realized that to improve the quality  of work they needed to improve the quality of work life of the employees as well.  To achieve this they began using a five-phase diagnostic model with two aims in mind. The first aim was whether this model of strategic human resource development could still be in use in five years and the second aim was to see what the changes were to achieve this goal. The diagnostic model of assessment required to see the strengths and weaknesses of the organization in question as well as every aspect within the organization itself (including employment, finances and leadership style and atmosphere). The model of SHRD (Strategic Human Relations Development) since it was delegated into phases took several years to be implemented. One of the most important benefits gained for the Tetra Pak project1 was the implementation of better communication systems in every area (especially that of employer-employe e relationship) and as a result of these several employees who have never been able to communicate effectively began to see this as an opportunity to voice out their opinions. The betterment of communication within the organization is very important  because effective communication allows for a better work environment and dissipates any resistance or discontent among the workforce. Proper understanding leads to a better quality of work as the supervisors and management are able to convey what they want to the workforce and the workforce has the ability ask what is required and needed and whether they will be able to do the task at hand.  Dosi, G., Teece, D. J., & Chytry, J. (Eds.). (1998). Technology, Organization, and Competitiveness: Perspectives on Industrial and Corporate Change. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved May 5, 2007,   L., Hailey, V. H., Stiles, P., & Truss, C. (1999). Strategic Human Resource Management Corporate Rhetoric and Human Reality. Oxford: Oxfor d University Press. Retrieved May 5, 2007 C., Cole, C., & Brunning, H. (1997). A Manual of Organizational Development: The Psychology of Change. London: Karnac Books. Retrieved May 5, 2007, from Questia database: http://www.questia.com/PM.qsta=o&d=55270794

Orientalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Orientalism - Essay Example The concept of orientalism is known to have initiated the commencement if the different modern throughts such as the post colonial theory. Upon the publication of the book, it had been recognized as one of the most controversial work in the last three decades. It had been considered as an important reference even in the academic institutions that it was translated to 26 different languages. There are two main concepts that are included in the theory of orientalism. These are prejudice and racism towards the people in the middle east such as the Arabic population. Orientalism is synonymous to stereotyping of the western region inclusive of the United States and Europe towards the Middle Eastern population. According to the thesis of Said, orientalism is a highly motivated notion resulting from a preconceived objective (Said â€Å"Orientalism Part One†). There are different points discussed in the interview of Edward Said. These include the repertory of orientalism, the relationship between orientalism and imperialism, American orientalism, the present day orientalist view, effects of orientalism and the relationship with the Palistine question which is another issue explored by the author. In the repertory of orientalism, the main point of discussion is the components of orientalist perspective. Said described the unrealistic representation of the east that is even advocated by the specialists of different fields. The said view even established a representation of the Arabic people outside history such as the mystecism as if the people in the Middle East did not developed through the centuries (Said â€Å"Orientalism Part One†). Another point is the connection between the development of the orientalist thought and the age of imperialist conquest of the western region specifically Britain and France. During the era of the empires in Europe military and ideological conquests were undertaken. An example given is the Napoleon occupation in Egypt where

Analysis of Dear White People Movie Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of Dear White People Movie - Assignment Example The movie depicts that he smokes weed and hides from his girlfriend and everyone. Later on, he loses his presidency in the house and another black student who is the main character of the movie becomes the new president of the house. Her name is Samantha; she works for the school’s radio channel. She has a subscriber who is a white kid in the college. Samantha has a very major role in the presidency but she fails to do much for the black kids. For example, she kicked out everyone from the dining room except white people. She makes the black people live and eat alone. However, there is one black guy, who is Lionel Huggins. He was living in the school president son’s house but there the white kids were not nice to him. They used to keep him out while having a party. He complained about the situation to the dean of the school that belongs to the black community. Black community starts to protest for their rights and they fought hard. One black girl named Colandrea Conners who is pet named as coco posted lots of videos but failed to get subscribers. But later she starts posting jokes about how white people joked about blacks. She even started to do joke about black people and got more subscribers. She made a deal with president son’s to organize a big party and she invited everyone. However, president of the school said no party can be organized. She invited everyone and a big party takes place. However white people at the party wear costumes that made them look like blacks. They have black hair, chains, all loopy clothes, black masks and act like they are black. The party becomes wild and coco was going crazy about the party. Later Lionel comes to the party with other people and starts acting crazy and goes to meet Troy.

The strategy of international business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

The strategy of international business - Essay Example The concept of liberalization involves the easing of trade regulations and relaxing any restrictions related to overseas trading. The government often intervenes with the trading policies of nation and makes necessary changes on the grounds of economic, political and social policies. Such intervention is mostly taken by the government to improve the national economy and to facilitate free trade (Danbolt, 2004). This paper is focused on the liberalization and how it has impacted the domestic firms by increasing the competition in the industry. It also discusses about different ways in which the domestic firms can face the competitiveness posed by the global firms. In several cases, in order for an industry to be fully liberalized, it takes several years to complete the process or in some cases may take decades. The liberalization virtually shortens the national boundaries and enables free trade between nations. This as a result allows several private firms from overseas locations to expand their business in the host countries which in turn helps the government to earn revenue through taxes paid by the foreign companies. Moreover, entry of foreign firms also increases the employment condition of the host economy along with infrastructure of the nation in certain cases. Liberalization in the UK allowed privatization of several sectors such as oil and energy sector, telecommunication, etc. The privatization has facilitated to reduce the monopoly business that was being conducted without the presence of any competition. Liberalization also allows the firm to improve the product and service quality and engage in innovative products. Liberalization creates a competitive environment and as WTO (2001) stated that competition is necessary to ensure that the firms are trying to achieve competitive advantage and in the process generates higher value for the

Learning Style Inventory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning Style Inventory - Essay Example My achievement style manifests itself through my belief in giving and asking for honest feedback, my commitment to making things better, and a focus on achieving excellent standards. Finally, my power style manifests through my tendency to be dictatorial, rather than guiding, my aggressive attitude, and the tendency to feel threatened by anyone I perceive to undermine my authority. I think my limiting style is my power style, which has increased my tendency to associate what I am worth at the workplace with how much I can dominate and control others. One behavior that I would like to change in this style is my tendency to be dictatorial, where I would like to be more guiding and nurturing as a manager, which will allow me to have a better relationship with my workers and subordinates.Impact on Management Style  My personal thinking styles portend a very important impact on my style as a manager. I scored quite highly in my self-actualizing qualities. In my personal life, I tend to live for and by the moment. In my workplace, I find that all my workmates are responsible for what they do, and to obtain their goals we all need to be responsible for our actions. I also strive to be self-developing and have an urge to keep learning. This is an important perspective in my work in management since I can assign my team tasks that are based on learning curves. When I see a team member who is in need of a new skill, I use the opportunity to better their experiences. In organizing terms., I have the ability to select the best team for completion of the task. I am also able to distinguish the qualities each member exhibits and how it specifically fits within the task. With regards to leadership, I feel that I can lead the team in case of obstacles while I am also accepting their flaws and make attempts to work around these issues. The fact that I have a high score in achievement proves that I have the ability to show initiative in effecting changes. I feel able to begin a reformation to improve the team’s efficiency. With regards to planning, I am able to lead in making proper adjustments. I also have the ability to organize various tasks based on things that need to be done under my guidance and according to my standards. Over time, I also feel that I have got more lenient, which has lessened my tendency to make unattainable goals and standards for my team members. While I am available to show them the things that need to be done as a leader, I also expect them to do their part in their tasks. Genesis of Personal Style I assume that my upbringing has had a major effect on my personal styles. For instance, my parents were very controlling and demanding. Growing up, I was always required and expected to do a thing right or not attempt to do it in the first place, which caused me into always seeking to be in control and have power so as to make sure I had the ability to do things right. My father was never particularly satisfied with most things I did, which was also responsible for my very high need to achieve. I

Negetive Effects of Technology Essay Example for Free

Negetive Effects of Technology Essay In this century that we are living, there are many different ways to communicate and interact with the people we need. New developed technologies have made our lives much easier than the old days. Many people prefer to look at a screen and explore new things, do our homework, chat with our close ones, listen to a song, watch a movie, buy new clothes and so on. These are the things that we can do. Moreover, it saves time and money. One of the important decisions we make is to work at home in front of a computer. However, high developed technology has disadvantages like if we look at a screen it is bad for you health, we do not know if it is true and guaranteed for hundred percent. First, when we speak of the impact of technology on society, we always talk about the positive effects of technology and about how technology has made life easy. We talk about the Internet as an information resource and a communication platform and conveniently ignore the fact that an overexposure to it leads to Internet addiction. We often discuss how technology has made life easy but easily forget that it has made us overly dependent on it. see more:is technology making us lazy Have you thought of the impact of technology from this point of view? I am sure, most of you havent. Let us look at this aspect of technology here. People will (and are beginning to) miss out on face-to-face contact and thus their social skills will decline. It is possible that after decades of having no, or extremely limited human contact, that we will loose the ability to read body language. This could cause all sorts of misunderstandings and problems. Secondly, depending on a screen rather than meeting face-to-face is very bad for health. It will make our spine back ill. Sitting for long hours and looking to a screen also makes our eye bad. When i was little i played and watched movies on a computer for long hours because it is was fun. Since then my eye kept getting bad and i had to wear glasses. It really annoys me a lot when i play basketball and to run in the morning. Whats more, four days ago my back hurt because school started and i have been sitting for long hours and been looking at a computer screen Having limited human contact will cause us to have even less trust in others, and in turn, we will be even less friendly and even more stand-offish. Thirdly, for people who do their works by using the internet has also bad sides to the society. We are getting lazy and not going outside for a walk. Our movement gets limited only in our home. Also, it is making the person isolated from the society outside which the he or she is might become lonely just communicating with the computer. My best friends big brother doesnt have any friends to go out with because he spends all of his time on he computer. I think it is a very bad habit for him to get isolated from the real life. Think of the days when there were no computers and no modern means of transport. Human life was highly restricted due to the unavailability of technological applications. Daily life involved a lot of physical activity. Life of the common man was not as luxurious as that of modern times, but he was more active. Exercise was integrated into routine physical activities. It was contrary to the sedentary lifestyle of today, which leaves no time for exercise and fills days with inactivity and laze. Today we dont want to, and thanks to technology, dont even need to, walk, move around or exert physically to get things done. We have the world is at our fingertips. We think of technology as a boon to society. I am afraid; its not completely a boon. The Internet has bred many unethical practices like hacking, spamming and phishing. Internet crime is on the rise. The Internet, being an open platform lacks regulation. There is no regulation on the content displayed on websites. Internet gambling has become an addiction for many students. Overexposure to the Internet has taken its toll. In this virtual world, you can be who you are not, you can be virtually living even after you die. Isnt this weird? Children are spending all their time playing online and less or almost no time playing on the ground. Youngsters are spending most of their time social networking, missing on the joys of real social life. Moreover, we have become excessively dependent on technology. Is so much of dependency good? Is it right to rely on machines to such an extent? Is it right to depend on computers rather than relying on human intellect? Computer technology and robotics are trying to substitute for human intellect. With the fast advancing technology, we have started harnessing artificial intelligence in many fields. Where is the digital divide going to take us? How is our tomorrow going to be? Machines replacing human beings does not portray a rosy picture, does it? It can lead to serious issues like unemployment and crime. An excessive use of machines in every field can result in an nder-utilization of human brains. Over time, we may even lose our intellectual abilities. You know of the declining mathematical abilities in students due to use of calculators since school, dont you? In conclusion, as technology is getting better people are trying to make their work easy and fast. From this we become lazy, weak and ill. It makes our immune system go bad and we have the ability to get the diseases fast. From all the examples above it shows face-to-face contact is still necessary in our lives and society.