Indian Independence Movement Essay

The Constitution of India is the Supreme rectitude of India. It lays plenty the frame naturalize defining fundamental g all overnmental principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of government institutions, and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. It is the longest write constitution of any main(a) country in the universe of discourse, containing 448 articles in 22 parts, 12 schedules and 97 amendments. anyways the English version, there is an official Hindi translation. Dr B.R. Ambedkar is widely regarded as the father of the Indian Constitution. The Constitution was enacted by the piece hookup on 26 November 1949, and came into effect on 26 January 1950.The date 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of independency of 1930. With its bankers acceptance, the Union of India officially became the modern and contemporary Republic of India and it replaced the Government of India c rook 1935 as the countrys fundamental governing document. The Constitution decl ares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic, ensure its citizens of justice, equality, and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity among them. The words socialist and secular were added to the definition in 1976 by constitutional amendment. India celebrates the adoption of the constitution on 26 January each year as Republic Day Background main(prenominal) article Indian independence galleryThe major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British colonial rule from 1757 to 1947. The impact of economic, political and social exploitation during this period helped the gradual rise of the Indian independence movement to gain independence from foreign rule. The movement culminated in the formation of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947, along with the Dominion of Pakistan. The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950, proclaiming India to be a sovereign, democratic republic. It contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India after its independence from British rule. On the sidereal day the constitution came into effect, India ceased to be a normal of the British Crown.The Indian constitution is the worlds longest constitution. At the time of commencement, the constitution had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules. It consists of just about 80,000 words and took 2 years 11 months and 18 days to build. In the United Kingdom the situation of the Secretary of State for India was the authority through whom Parliament exercised its rule (along with the Council of India), and established the office of Viceroy of India (along with an decision maker Council in India, consisting of high officials of the British Government).The Indian Councils cultivate 1861 issued for a Legislative Council consisting of the appendages of the Executive council and non-offici al phalluss. The Indian Councils Act 1892 established provincial legislatures and increased the powers of the Legislative Council. Although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, their power still remained limited. The Indian Councils Act 1909 and the Government of India Act 1919 further expanded participation of Indians in the government.Government of India Act 1935 main article Government of India Act 1935The provisions of the Government of India Act 1935, though never implemented fully, had a great impact on the Constitution of India. Many key features of the constitution are directly interpreted from this Act. The federal structure of government, provincial autonomy, a bicameral central legislature consisting of a federal fabrication and a Council of States and the separation of legislative powers between the centre and states are some of the provisions of the Act which are present in the Constitution of India.The Cabinet missionary post PlanMai n article 1946 Cabinet Mission to IndiaIn 1946, British Prime attend Clement Attlee formulated a cabinet mission to India to hold forth and finalize plans for the transfer of power from the British Raj to Indian leadership as well as provide India with independence under Dominion status in the Commonwealth of Nations.67 The Mission discussed the framework of the constitution and dictated down in some detail the procedure to be followed by the constitution drafting body. Elections for the 296 lay asgestural to the British Indian provinces were completed by August 1946. The Constituent Assembly of India first met and began work on 26 November 1946. The mission consisted of master copy Pethick-Lawrence, the Secretary of State for India, Sir Stafford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade, and A. V. Alexander, the First Lord of the Admiralty. However, Lord Wavell, the Viceroy of India, did not participate.Indian independence Act 1947Main article Indian Independence Act 1947The In dian Independence Act, passed by the British Parliament on 18 July 1947, divided British India into two new independent states, India and Pakistan, which were to be dominions under the Commonwealth of Nations until they had each finished drafting and enacted a new constitution. The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate states, with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the respective dominion.The Act also terminated British suzerainty over the princely states, each of which was left to dissolve whether to bend to one or other of the new dominions or to continue as independent states in their own right. However, in most cases the states were so dependent on central institutions that they were widely expected to accede to a dominion. When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, it repealed the Indian Independence Act. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic. 26 November 1949 is also known as subject field Law Day.Constituent AssemblyMain article Constituent Assembly of IndiaThe Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by the elected members of the provincial assemblies.8 Dr B.R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Kanaiyalal Munshi, Purushottam Mavalankar, Sandipkumar Patel, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Nalini Ranjan Ghosh, and Balwantrai Mehta were some important figures in the Assembly.There were more than 30 members of the scheduled classes. Frank Anthony represented the Anglo-Indian community, and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi. The Chairman of the Minorities Committee was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a sumptuous Christian who represented all Christians other than Anglo-Indians. Ari Bahadur Gururng represented the Gorkha Community. Prominent jurists like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau and K . M. Munshi, Ganesh Mavlankar were also members of the Assembly. Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and Vijayalakshmi Pandit were important women memberDr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is hailed as the prime architect of Indian Constitution The first temporary 2-day president of the Constituent Assembly was Dr Sachidanand Sinha. Later, Rajendra Prasad was elected president of the Constituent Assembly. The members of the Constituent Assembly met for the first time on 9 celestial latitude 1946.Independent IndiaIndia acquired independence on 15 August 1947 though sections of the country were carved out and sew together together to create another new country, Pakistan. The institutional road to independence was perhaps laid down by the Government of India Act of 1935, where the gradual emergence of India as a self-governing entity had first been part envisioned. Following Indias independence in 1947, the Constituent Assembly deliberated over the precise con stitutional futurity of India. On 26 January 1950, India became a Republic, and the Constitution of India was promulgated. Jawaharlal Nehru had become the countrys first Prime rector in 1947, and in 1952, in the countrys first general election with a customary franchise, Nehru led the Indian National Congress to a clear victory.The Congress had long been the principal political party in India, providing the leadership to the struggle for independence, and under Nehrus stewardship it remained the largest and most influential party over the next three decades. In 1957, Nehru was elected to yet another five-year term as a member of the Lok Sabha and chosen to head the government. His regime was marked by the advent of five-year plans, designed to bring big recognition and industry to India in Nehrus own language, steel mills and dams were to be the temples of modern India. Relations with Pakistan remained chilling, and the purported familiarity of India and China proved to be some thing of a hoax.Chinas invasion of Indias borders in 1962 is utter to have dealt a mortal blow to Nehru. Nehru was succeeded at his death on 27 May 1964 for a period of two weeks by Gulzarilal Nanda (1898-1998), a veteran Congress politician who became active in the non-cooperation movement in 1922 and served several prison terms, principally in 1932 and from 1942-44 during the Quit India movement. Nanda served as acting Prime Minister until the Congress had elected a new leader, Lal Bahadur Shastri, also a veteran politician who came of age during the Gandhi-led non-cooperation movement. Shastri was the via media candidate who, perhaps unexpectedly, led the country to something of a victory over Pakistan in 1965.Shastri and the vanquished Pakistani President, Muhammad Ayub Khan, signed a peace treaty at Tashkent in the former Soviet Union on 10 January 1966, but Shastri barely lived to witness the accolades that were now being showered upon him since he died of an heart attack th e day after the treaty was signed. Shastris empathy for the subaltern classes is conveyed through the slogan, Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan, Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer, which is attributed to him and through which he is remembered at Vijay Ghat, the national memorial to him in New Delhi in the proximity of Rajghat, the national memorial to Mohandas Gandhi.