Japanese School System Facts

The Japanese educational system was reformed after World War II. The old 6-5-3-3 system was changed to a 6-3-3-4 system (6 years of elementary school, 3 years of junior high school, 3 years of senior high school and 4 years of University) with reference to the American system. The gimukyoiku ç ¾ ©Ã¥â€¹â„¢Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã¨â€š ² (compulsory education) time period is 9 years, 6 in shougakkou Ã¥ ° Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¦   ¡ (elementary school) and 3 in chuugakkou ä ¸ ­Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¦   ¡ (junior high school). Japan has one of the worlds best-educated populations, with 100% enrollment in compulsory grades and zero illiteracy. While not compulsory, high school (koukou é «ËœÃ¦   ¡) enrollment is over 96% nationwide and nearly 100% in the cities. The high school drop out rate is about 2% and has been increasing. About 46% of all high school graduates go on to university or junior college. The Ministry of Education closely supervises curriculum, textbooks, and classes and maintains a uniform level of education throughout the country. As a result, a high standard of education is possible. Student Life Most schools operate on a three-term system with the new year starting in April. The modern educational system started in 1872 and is modeled after the French school system, which begins in April. The fiscal year in Japan also begins in April and ends in March of the following year, which is more convenient in many aspects. April is the height of spring when cherry blossoms  (the most loved flower of the Japanese!) bloom and the most suitable time for a new start in Japan. This difference in the school-year system causes some inconvenience to students who wish to study abroad in the U.S. A half-year is wasted waiting to get in and often another year is wasted when coming back to the Japanese university system and having to repeat a year. Except for the lower grades of elementary school, the average school day on weekdays is 6 hours, which makes it one of the longest school days in the world. Even after school lets out, the children have drills and other homework to keep them busy. Vacations are 6 weeks in the summer and about 2 weeks each for winter and spring breaks. There is often homework over these vacations.   Every class has its own fixed classroom where its students take all the courses, except for practical training and laboratory work. During elementary education, in most cases, one teacher teaches all the subjects in each class. As a result of the rapid population growth after World War II, the numbers of students in a typical elementary or junior high school class once exceeded 50 students, but now it is kept under 40. At public elementary and junior high school, school lunch (kyuushoku ç µ ¦Ã© £Å¸) is provided on a standardized menu, and it is eaten in the classroom. Nearly all junior high schools require their students to wear a school uniform (seifuku åˆ ¶Ã¦Å" ). A big difference between the Japanese school system and the American School system is that Americans respect individuality while the Japanese control the individual by observing group rules. This helps to explain the Japanese characteristic of group behavior. Translation Exercise Because of the rapid population growth after World War II, the number of students in a typical elementary or junior high school once exceeded 50.  Dainiji sekai taisen no ato no kyuugekina jinkou zouka no tame, tenkeitekina shou-chuu gakkou no seitosu wa katsute go-juu nin o koemashita.ç ¬ ¬Ã¤ ºÅ'æ ¬ ¡Ã¤ ¸â€"ç•Å'Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¦Ë† ¦Ã£  ®Ã£ â€šÃ£  ¨Ã£  ®Ã¦â‚¬ ¥Ã¦ ¿â‚¬Ã£  ªÃ¤ º ºÃ¥  £Ã¥ ¢â€"åŠ  Ã£  ®Ã£ Å¸Ã£â€š Ã£â‚¬ Ã¥â€¦ ¸Ã¥Å¾â€¹Ã§Å¡â€žÃ£  ªÃ¥ ° Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¦   ¡Ã£  ®Ã§â€Å¸Ã¥ ¾â€™Ã¦â€¢ °Ã£  ¯Ã£ â€¹Ã£  ¤Ã£  ¦Ã¤ º ºÃ£â€šâ€™Ã¨ ¶â€¦Ã£ Ë†Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚ Grammar ~no tame means because of ~. I didnt go to work because of a cold.Kaze no tame, shigoto ni ikimasen deshita.é ¢ ¨Ã©â€š ªÃ£  ®Ã£ Å¸Ã£â€š Ã£â‚¬ Ã¤ »â€¢Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã£  «Ã¨ ¡Å'㠁 Ã£  ¾Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã€‚ Vocabulary dainiji sekai taisen ç ¬ ¬Ã¤ ºÅ'æ ¬ ¡Ã¤ ¸â€"ç•Å'Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¦Ë† ¦ World War II ato 㠁‚㠁 ¨ after kyuugekina æ€ ¥Ã¦ ¿â‚¬Ã£  ª rapid jinkou zouka ä º ºÃ¥  £Ã¥ ¢â€"åŠ   population growth tenkeitekina å… ¸Ã¥Å¾â€¹Ã§Å¡â€žÃ£  ª typical shou chuu gakkou Ã¥ ° Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã¦   ¡ elementary and junior high schools seitosuu 生å ¾â€™Ã¦â€¢ ° the numbers of students katsute 㠁‹ã  ¤Ã£  ¦ once go-juu ä ºâ€Ã¥   fifty koeru è ¶â€¦Ã£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹ to exceed

Sexual Selection and Sexual Conflict Essay - 1140 Words

Charles Darwin characterized sexual selection as â€Å"variance in the number of mates†. The purpose of sexual selection is to perfect the secondary sexual characteristics, which are the morphological differences between the two sexes. On the other hand the primary sexual characteristics are the differences between the reproductive genital systems of the two sexes. Sexual selection instead of adapting the individual to the environment, like natural selection, it does enhance traits involved in mate acquisition. Sexual conflict, on the other hand, occurs when males and females have different reproductive interests and deriving from the urge of sexual reproduction. This is boosted by promiscuity when males and females have several partners.†¦show more content†¦In 1990 Barette and Vandal studied sparring in caribou. From the 713 matches between males of different antler sizes, 90% of the time males with the smaller antlers retreated. Also there is the intersexual sele ction, which is also known as the female choice. There are three cases of intersexual selection. Firstly, the female choice co-evolved with trait exaggeration, otherwise called Fisher’s process. Secondly, the choosy females gain direct benefit and thirdly, females are choosy because of sensory bias. Fisher’s process is divided in two phases. At phase one, the female preferences evolve because the trait that they prefer is favored by natural selection and as a result, their offspring are more likely to have the beneficial trait. When there is a distinct difference in a species, which is linked with the selective advantage, the females tend to choose the males that clearly distinguish the difference that is to be observed and they will prefer the most advantageous type. As for phase two, once the female preferences exist, males with the specific trait are more fit, which is both a natural and a sexual selection advantage. As a result there will be an increasing selective force favoring stronger preferences and more extreme traits. The runaway process will eventually stop, when there is no longer genetic variation for further trait or preference exaggeration or when the viability costs of the trait, balance sexualShow MoreRelatedRape, Sexual, And Sexual Behavior1069 Words   |  5 Pagesof violence in the United States. The statistics behind sexual assault are staggering, affecting approximately 1 in 3 women (George Mason University, 2005). Sexual violence extends across various human cultures and overwhelmingly occurs in countless animal species. In nonhuman primates, sexual coercion happens regularly and fairly consistently, leading scientists to presume sexual coercion tactics evolved as another form of sexual selection (Smuts and Smuts, 1993). 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Iron Deficiency in India Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Iron Deficiency in India. Answer: Introduction Diet plays an essential role when it comes to effective development as well as prevention of various non-communicable diseases in the body. Diseases such as osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, coronary heart infections, and certain types of cancer among other health complications can effectively be managed to depend on the diet an individual constantly consumes (Godyn, Pieszka, Lipi?ski, Starzy?ski, 2016) This paper evaluates and examines the lack of iron as a diet related health complication with a major focus on its determinants, epidemiology, and etiology. The report also presents a critical identification and analysis of two national programs in India that have been trusted with the responsibility of dealing with anemia among the Indian citizens with a primary focus on how the community is engaged and involved, strengths of the adopted evaluation frameworks, as well as program sustainability. The report hence helps in the knowledge application of both macro- and micronutrients while addressing anemia as a diet-related deficiency as well as the relationship it has with the economic, social, cultural, and environmental factors affecting the Indian communities. Determinants, epidemiology and etiology Iron is an essential element in the human diet as it is responsible for the formation of hemoglobin in the blood. Low hemoglobin levels on the body often cause iron deficiency infection, normally termed as iron deficiency anemia(Hassan, Salim, Humayun, 2017). The hemoglobin within the body is often contained in the red cells of the blood that form an essential part of the blood for the transportation of dissolved oxygen into the body, carbon dioxide as a waste product, and nutrients among other essential products in the body. The recommended body requirement of iron is 12.1 to 15.1 grams per deciliter in women, 13.8-17.2 in men, and 11 -16 g/dl in children while pregnant women requirement range from 11-15.2 g/dl (Brabin, Brabin, Gies, 2013). For an infected person, most of the visible symptoms include tiredness, a sore tongue, headache, dysphagia, hair loss, lack of appetite, lack of energy (lethargy), and feeling itchy. However, the most common symptom is the desire to consume non -food items such as paper, clay, ice, etc., a condition known as pica. Causes of the iron deficiency Iron deficiency infection is caused by a number of factors (Burns, 2017), some of which include; Hemolysis- this is the damage of the red blood cells in the body as a result of inherited conditions or infections such as thalassemia and sickle cell anemia. It can as well be caused by stressors such as drugs, spider or snake venom, infections, and certain foods among others. Massive blood loss- blood in the body often contains red blood cells that store the iron. In other words, any loss of blood leads to loss of the iron in the body, a condition that is often common with heavy periods in women hence causing iron deficiency during menstruation. On the other hand, there can be slow chronic blood loss in the body caused by infections such as colorectal cancer, peptic ulcer, as well as colon polyp that can cause iron-deficiency anemia (Godyn et al., 2016). On the other hand, it is noted that conditions such as hemorrhoids, stomach inflammation, use of NSAIDS drugs like aspirin can as well lead to gastritis and ulcers hence leading to iron-deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency in the diet- the body often gets iron from the food we eat. Little iron in the diet will hence lead to its deficiency in the body (Rahim, 2017). Hence, proper infant and children development and growth require food that is rich in iron elements such as eggs, green vegetables, meat, and iron-fortified meals. Poor absorption of iron in the body- during digestion and absorption of food in the body, the absorption of irons often take place in the small intestine. As a result, the occurrence of an intestinal disorder such as celiac disease can affect the ability of the small intestine to absorb the irons from the digested food. At the same time, surgical operations that lead to the removal of certain sections of the small intestines may as well affect the iron absorption process in the body thus leading to iron-deficiency anemia. Pregnancy- iron-deficiency anemia can occur in many pregnant women who do not take iron supplements. During pregnancy, there is a need for the iron stores in the body to serve the increase in the volume of the blood as well as the primary source of hemoglobin for the growing fetus. Therefore, there is a need for effective consumption of iron rich foods as well as iron supplements during pregnancy. Useful Resources and Key considerations According to a survey by the IndiaSpend Analysis, Iron-deficiency anemia is one of the primary causes of disability in India. Different studies indicate that the high number of recorded infections is due to poverty, poor sanitation, malnutrition, and imbalanced vegetarian diet that has led to the widespread increase of the infection that has negatively impacted the workforce of India as pointed out by PN (2016). The same survey denotes that shortage of mineral iron is the top factor for disability. However, the latest statistics indicate a decline of 24% of the anemic disability cases since 2012 but remains the highest country with most of its population affected with the condition as indicated in Figure 1. In a study, it is reported that the disability in this context encompasses a wider meaning with a major concern towards the absence of good health in the body (Rahim, 2017). It involves factors such as improper self-care, mobility, discomfort and pain, depression and anxiety, cogn itive impairments, and participation in the daily activities. Figure 1: Statistical Analysis of Disability due to Anaemia (adopted from Harikishore et al. 2017) In a systematic review, it is found that iron deficiency is one of the major problems affecting individuals across different age groups in India (Pawelczyk Sekhar, 2017). The study denotes an estimation of 20% maternal deaths that have a direct relationship with anemia and a 50% direct association with the infection. Iron-deficiency is very common among children below three years old who form 78.9%. Additionally, 55% of women and 24% of men are as well infected according to the National Family Health Survey (Hurrell, 2016). With the high deaths that are directly related to anemia in India, the reason why it still exists becomes a major concern despite India being among the first countries to launch the National Nutritional Anemia Prophylaxis programs in the late 1990s. However, there are massive economic concerns that can be related to the issue making it a widespread challenge in the region. Issues such as defective absorption of iron, insufficiency in the dietary intake of iron, increase in the iron requirements as a result of an increase in lactation and pregnancies, infection frequencies among infants, poor iron reserves during birth are major escalation factors Hassan, (Salim Humayun, 2017). On the other hand, excessive psychological loss of blood during pregnancy and adolescent are among the major courses of the high prevalence of iron deficiency in India as well as other organizational and pragmatic issues (Hurrell, 2016). National programs that deals with iron-deficiency anemia in India In a systematic review, it is reported that India still stands very low on the list of countries that have adopted strategies dealing with the challenges that arise as a result of iron deficiency (Pawelczyk Sekhar, 2017). For instance, the study denotes that it is the 170th out of the 180th nations ranked for iron deficiency anemia among the women, 120th out of 130 for wasting infants and children for five years, and 114th out of 132 for stunting children below five years as denoted by the Global Nutrition Report (2016). However, many reviews denote that poverty and malnutrition directly cause iron-deficiency in India. As a result, the Indian government has allocated $5.5 billion channeled directly to different nutritional schemes such as the National Health Mission, National Guidelines for Control or Iron Deficiency Anaemia, and the Integrated Child Development Scheme. However, this is $700 million below the estimated requirement, a factor that limits the success of the programs ad opted to curb the issue. The government is also spending over $30 billion on other related schemes with a focus on improving the general nutrition programs such as the public nutrition systems which have not been quite successful due to some leaks in the management of the systems (Pawelczyk Sekhar, 2017). For instance, the study denotes that more than half of the food dispatched to the affected communities never reaches the beneficiaries. With examples from other developing nations, the Global Nutrition Report denotes that India should learn from other low-income nations such as Peru, Vietnam, Brazil, and Ghana that have recorded a rapid improvement in the reduction of malnutrition cases in their communities. For instance, the Zero Hunger strategy in Brazil has enabled easy food access as well as the strengthening of small farmers with a focus on increasing the social mobilization and income generation can as well be adopted in India to help to insure diet improvement as (Hassan, Salim, Humayun, 2017). National Iron+ Initiative- According to Rocha (2014), anemia is one of the primary public health challenges in India yet with little comprehensive strategies to help in curbing the challenge. As a result, there are few initiatives take by both government and non-governmental organizations with a focus on reducing the related infections. However, very critical age groups have not been engaged in this strategy, an aspect that has led to the development of many programs that can help in bridging the identified gaps (Akbari et al., 2017). The National Iron+ Initiative is one such program that focuses on comprehensively looking at Iron Deficiency Anaemia across all age groups within the Indian communities including the women and adolescent in reproductive age group but are not lactating or pregnant. The organization is trusted with the responsibility of scheduling IFA supplementations and administration of prescribed dosages under a direct supervision program to ensure the targeted affect ed population benefit from the program (Ching-Tzu et al., 2016). With the help of the National Iron+ Initiative, children of between the ages of 6 months to 5 years now enjoy a bi-weekly schedule of IFA supplementation with children in classes one to five in the government aided schools being supervised by the teachers. At the same time, denotes the adolescent from class six to seven receive weekly IFA supplementation within the school (Starzynski, 2017). In reference to the National Guidelines for Control or Iron Deficiency Anaemia, the National Iron+ Initiative has four primary functions. These include; Laying out IFA supplementation protocols as a preventive strategy across the life cycle Bringing to the attention of the program managers issues concerning health and health related issues that have serious negative consequences towards iron deficiency anemia for the health of the mental, economic, and mental productivity of the Indian communities (Akbari et al., 2017). Defining the minimum standard of treatment protocols focused on the facility based management of severe, mild, and moderate deficiency conditions that are segregated by different levels of care Ensuring a broad identification platform of delivering services and indicating roles of service providers The above guidelines were developed with consideration of the scientific evidence while having consultations with different domain experts. The program builds on the past or continuing work on the control and prevention of anemia in India. The Indian government as well ensures that the program guidelines are developed in the context of the present strategies and policies of health, population, and nutrition (Szczepanska et al., 2017). As a result, the program help in identifying comprehensive interventions and strategies for the high-risk groups such as young children, infants, women in reproductive stages, adolescent girls, breastfeeding women, and the population at large. Ministry of Women and Child Development Program (MWCD)-The Indian National Nutrition Policy with the primary objective of the operationalization of multi-sectoral strategies with the aim of addressing different nutritional problems. On this basis, the National Plan of Action for Nutrition (NPAN) has designed different strategies for different ministries in and departments in the Indian government. At the same time, a national nutrition mission has been put in place with the aim of addressing nutrition issues through different mission mode approaches under the management of the MWCD (Ministry of Women and Child Development) (Khanal, Adhikari, Karkee, 2014). The MWCD schemes help in ensuring supplementary nutrition is provided to both lactating and pregnant women at a small rate that can be afforded by the majority of the Indian population. The program is aimed at providing 600Kcal as well as 18-20 grams of protein while providing supplementary nutrition, preschool education, and immu nization for children for the children between one to six years of age. The MWCD program also ensures that supplementary food is provided to children in the primary school through the national program of Nutritional Support to the primary education levels. The program also provides supplementary nutrition to adolescent girls in the form of hot cooked meals or takes home rations (Hassan, Salim, Humayun, 2017). Despite the fact that supplementation of diet with IFA has been among the programs in the Government of Indian programs, research shows that its levels of intake are still very low. For instance, less than 22% of pregnant women reported their IFA for more than 90 days during their pregnancy consumption (Khanal, Adhikari, Karkee, 2014). The same study as well denotes that there are significant challenges facing the effort to reach at-risk population and improving nutrition compliance in both women and children. Conclusion Iron deficiency anemia is among the major public health concerns affecting a larger population in India, especially among the children. As a result, this paper is a review of an attempt of examining the current burden of anemia in India in relation to the socioeconomic factors as well as the strategy of the government in finding a solution to the issue. The report reflects that poverty and malnutrition are the primary causes of iron deficiency with most women affected due to blood loss. From the analysis, it is evident that iron deficiency anemia has a very devastating effect on health, mental, and physical productivity affecting the quality of life among the vulnerable population in India. As a result, there has been the adoption of different programs have been developed and adopted as a concern for managing anemia since it has translated to significant morbidities for the consequent social and economic losses for the affected individuals. References Akbari, M., Moosazadeh, M., Tabrizi, R., Khatibi, S. R., Khodadost, M., Heydari, S. T., ... Lankarani, K. B. (2017). Estimation of iron deficiency anemia in Iranian children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Hematology,22(4), 231-239. doi:10.1080/10245332.2016.1240933 Brabin, L., Brabin, B. J., Gies, S. (2013). Influence of iron status on risk of maternal or neonatal infection and on neonatal mortality with an emphasis on developing countries.Nutrition Reviews,71(8), 528-540. Burns, M., Amaya, A., Bodi, C., Ge, Z., Bakthavatchalu, V., Ennis, K., ... Fox, J. G. (2017). Helicobacter pylori infection and low dietary iron alter behavior, induce iron deficiency anemia, and modulate hippocampal gene expression in female C57BL/6 mice.Plos ONE,12(3), 1-18. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173108 Ching-Tzu, L., Cherng-Jye, J., Lian-Shung, Y., Ming-Shyen, Y., Shih-Ming, C., Chyi-Long, L., ... Chun-Sen, H. (2016). A double-blind, randomized, and active-controlled phase III study of Herbiron drink in the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in premenopausal females in Taiwan.Food Nutrition Research,601-9. Godyn, D., Pieszka, M., Lipi?ski, P., Starzy?ski, R. R. (2016). Diagnostics of iron deficiency anaemia in piglets in the early postnatal period - a review.Animal Science Papers Reports,34(4), 307-318. Harikishore D., Vijayaraghavan K., Kim J.A., Yun Y. (2017). Valorisation of post-sorption materials: Opportunities, strategies, and challenges. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, Volume 242, 2017 Hurrell, R. F. (2016). Preventing iron deficiency through food fortification.Nutrition Reviews,55(6), 210-222. Khanal, V. k., Adhikari, M. a., Karkee, R. r. (2014). Low Compliance with Iron-Folate Supplementation Among Postpartum Mothers of Nepal: An Analysis of Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2011.Journal Of Community Health,39(3), 606-613. Pawelczyk, J. A., Sekhar, D. L. (2017). The Relationship Between Iron Deficiency Anemia and Sensorineural Hearing Loss in the Pediatric and Adolescent Population.American Journal Of Audiology,26155-162. doi:10.1044/2017_AJA-16-0093 PR, N. (2016, December 15). Global Anemia Drugs Market: 2016 - 2021.PR Newswire US. Rahim, F. (2017). Salivary ferritin and iron as a marker and new discriminating indices between iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia: a meta-analysis.Russian Open Medical Journal,6(2), 1-6. doi:10.15275/rusomj.2017.0204 Rocha, M. M. (2014). Effects of cooking methods on the iron and zinc contents in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) to combat nutritional deficiencies in Brazil.Food Nutrition Research,581-7. Starzynski, R. R. (2017). Dietary hemoglobin rescues young piglets from severe iron deficiency anemia: Duodenal expression profile of genes involved in heme iron absorption.Plos ONE,12(7), 1-22. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0181117 Szczepanska, B., Turowski, D., Burkhard-Jagodzinska, K., Gajewski, J. (2017). Reticulocyte and erythrocyte hypochromia markers in detection of iron deficiency in adolescent female athletes.Biology Of Sport,34(2), 111-118.

What is the Mfecane, and how is it relevant to contemporary South African society free essay sample

â€Å"How relevant is the study of the Mfecane to South African History and our contemporary (present) society?† What are the different theories on the Mfecane and how have these changed over time. (See your textbook references and the Jeff Guy lectures) You can also look at Giliomee and Mbenga pages 124-127 and 139 particularly (a copy is available in the classroom – BUT I WILL HAVE PHOTOCOPIES MADE IF YOU REQUEST THEM). Look at some of the older interpretations of the Mfecane – and compare these with more recent interpretations. Shaka is a very central figure in Zulu history. Shaka made a popular â€Å"comeback† in South Africa during the 1980s with an SABC-TV series Shaka Zulu. View extracts of this series, and decide how best it would be placed in the different theories of the Mfecane, explaining why. Between 1994 and 2013, Shaka has made a significant comeback into popular history and is viewed as a central icon of Zulu nationalism. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the Mfecane, and how is it relevant to contemporary South African society? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page How is this – both Shaka and Zulu nationalism, manifested (demonstrated/obviously shown) in South Africa today, in terms of popular culture and politics. Is there a future for Zulu nationalism in a South Africa today? The Mfecane loosely means ‘the crushing’, and is also known as Difaqane, or Lifaqane. The term ‘Mfecane’ was first coined by E. A. Walker (1928: 210), which largely refers to the conflicts between South African tribes in the centre and eastern regions of Africa in the early 1800s, which fought each other in search of food and land. However, there are many distinct theories about Mfecane, and numerous historians present their own opinions. Originally it was widely believed that Shaka Zulu, and the growth and expansion of the Zulu tribe under his command, was the primary cause of Mfecane. However, there have been increasing numbers of theories that suggested what else might have contributed towards the Mfecane. Although it is impossible to conclusively prove the causes of Mfecane, some theories suggest that a widespread drought hit Southern Africa in the early nineteenth century causing expanding tribes to relocate searching for fertile land, often battling over the same land with different tribes. Another prominent theory is that when the Portuguese introduced the maize they had brought from America, this food source caused a massive population increase in many Southern African tribes, especially the Zulu tribe, and the  Zulus had to expand their territory to accommodate their larger numbers. Until the 1980s, the Mfecane was universally viewed as a series of major political and social disturbances that took place among the African societies in the 1820s and 1830s, which had been caused primarily by the vast expansion of the Zulu kingdom under Shaka Zulu. This was recognised as the reality, and it was never enquired. However, in 1988, to counter this concrete ‘fact’ of the time, historian Julian Cobbing presented his argument that although there were admittedly major upheavals that did take place in the 1820s and 1830s, the Mfecane occurred primarily because of the impact of the expansion of the frontiers of European colonial settlement and trade in southern Africa. But this was not without heavy controversy, as in an article in the Journal of African History (2009), Carolyn Hamilton, along with many others, found Cobbing’s arguments distorted the evidence and argued that Cobbing was, on many accounts, wrong. Hence the real causes of Mfecane are yet to be proven. The 1986 SABC TV-series ‘Shaka Zulu’ illustrates Shaka as a ‘military genius who revolutionized African warfare with strategies almost unequalled in battle’, and rightfully he gains a reputation as the ‘Black Napoleon’. The portrayal of Shaka Zulu that this TV-series showed, which enabled the popular comeback of Shaka Zulu in the 1980s, corresponds with some early theories of Mfecane which suggest that Shaka Zulu was the primary cause of the chaotic struggles between tribes. His brilliant military tactics and fierce training, combined with his natural leadership and powerful stature, allowed him to become a central icon of Zulu nationalism. The current president of South Africa, Jacob Zuma, is of Zulu descent. In 2007 Jacob Zuma defeated Thabo Mbeki, former deputy president and former president of African National Congress, in the election of President of the ANC. It is interesting to note that Thabo Mbeki is of Xhosa descent while Zuma is of Zulu, which reminds people of South Africa of the Zulu and Xhosa clashes during the Mfecane. Jacob Zuma, as the president of the African National Congress, has led in a Zulu Nationalist way. Since his election as national president in 2009, he has been gaining the support and trust of the  Zulu living in KwaZulu-Natal with his nationalist patriotism, which shows a discouraging future for the Inkatha Freedom Party, the previous rulers of KwaZulu-Natal. This essentially shows how the study of Mfecane is relevant to our contemporary society: Like Shaka Zulu led the Zulus to power battled rivalling clans, Jacob Zuma has raised the Zulus to power fighting rivalling National Parties, and they have both become major icons of Zulu nationalism. Is there a future for Zulu nationalism in South Africa today? Nationalism is the sense of identity and patriotism with a nation. This means that in Zulu nationalism, nationalists such as Jacob Zuma think of South Africa as more of a ‘Zulu nation’ than what South Africa strives to be perceived as following an Apartheid era: a ‘rainbow nation’. Certainly, there are positive aspects of Zulu nationalism in the sense that the president of South Africa strives to help the KwaZulu-Natal province, to raise the sense of identity among the Zulu community. However, the president should be striving to help all aspects of South Africa, not just the Zulus. To conclude, I believe that the study of Mfecane is a vital aspect of South Africa’s history and contemporary society, and is very relevant. However, although I believe that Zulu nationalism was a major contributing factor in building present day’s South Africa, I do not believe that it has an important role in the future because South Africa should be striving to become a multi-cultural nation, regardless of the ethnicities and cultural differences present in South Africa. References: Internet: Gallery Ezakwantu. (-) Southern African Tribal Upheavals. Available from: http://www.ezakwantu.com/Tribes%20 20Southern%20African%20Tribal%20Wars%20-%20Mfecane%20-%20Lifaqane%20-%20Difaqane.htm [Accessed 29 July 2013] Gumede, William. (2012) Zuma and Zulu Nationalism. Available from: http://www.pambazuka.org/en/category/features/85841 [Accessed 1 4 August 2013] HS-102 Readings. (-) Nationalism. Available from: http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/westn/nationalism.html [Accessed 3 4 August 2013] Mashele, Prince. (2012) Is Jacob Zuma a Zulu Nationalist? Available