The Casino Hotel Industry Tourism Essay

The gambling gambling gambling gambling cassino Hotel Industry Tourism EssayThe cassino hotel Industry refers to establishments primarily engaged in providing short- term inhabit in hotel facilities with a casino on the premises (IBISWorld, 2012). cassino hotels provide populate in hotel conveniences with a casino on the premises and it is take c argon to fork up phenomenal growth in the past decade. This boom in casino hotel diligence provided the investor to establish a luxury and casino hotels in legion(predicate) region. The casino constancy gene localizes gross from full range of work and amenities such(prenominal) as gaming, food and beverage, rooms, dining, retail space, entertainment, meeting facilities and so forth Within the past 25 years, the commercial casino persistence has go through signifi sternt growth by operating only in Neveda and Atlantic City, New Jersey to operating 566 casinos in 22 states in 2010 (Bazelon, Neels, Seth, 2012). The equally r evenue from gaming has moved frolic from doing unlawful activity to a legitimate personal credit line and at this instant hotels are also whirl casino good. payable to financial crisis in 2008 and 2009, the revenue had declined as passel were intending to transcend less money on swordplay and not winning spend. The increasing unemployment make consumer to spend less and be more selective while expense their money. After the crisis, in 2010 and 2011 thither is a abundant change and the revenue in casino hotel perseverance went spunky merely, it is regard that revenue give further grow 3.9% to $47.8 billion in 2012 (IBISWorld, 2012).The launch of casino hotel creates employment opportunity to the local communities and gravels tax revenue for the g everywherenment. Casino hotel industry mainly depends on the economic condition of the country and leave aloneingness to pilgrimage which energies industry revenue growth. After the economic growth, the consumer disburs al has been growingd where their expendable income has also been raised and so as their spending. People tend to spend their income in different re peeleding of ways such as volunteer(a), travelling, entertainment, gambling etc. This has become very challenging for casino industry as consumers are visiting casino more often than past. The rising rate of travelling community and consumer spending drives industry revenue growth that tends to struggle with increasing global competition of casino hotel industry. callable to declining demand of Casino Hotel industry in 2007, Macau and China took the worlds largest casino gambling region all everyplace the Las Vegas. on that point are more openings of internationalist casino hotel that draw signifi hatfultly increased the competition for the US casino hotel commerce. Since, consumers are more selective about their spending they would rather choose better recreational activities that can either be internationally or domestic ally.There are ccc land-based casinos with ac callering lodging facilities and currently it shows that Casino and gaming is overlapping the hotels and lodging industry. The trend of Casino hotel industry in luxury tradeplace is to provide the entertainment convergence i.e. is to attract more people and to provide variety of facilities as such the customers will lengthen their stay and enjoy the innovative casino hotel property (Energy and Environmental summary Inc, 2005).Industry Growth AnalysisCurrent Industry TrendsThe casino and hotel can be either standalone or comprises of both hotels adeptness as well as casino facility. The industry heartyly depends on the current economic situation, as such people desire to travel when they surrender gigantic amount of disposable income. Due to d throwturn of economy in 2007 and 2008 at that place was a declining demand of this sectors and sales dropped way down and the creator behind is they are more engage about their financing . Therefore, Casino Industry was cutting the services like gambling and early(a) entertainment. There is decline of domestic and international travel in United States and the performance of this industry decline as casino hotels desire more on tourists visiting.Slowly recovering economy shows that there is sluggish increment of visitors as consumer spending in 2012 has been increase by 1.9% in resolve the consumers are visiting the casino more often. However, the competition from separates such as American Indian casinos, similar casino gaming places, online gaming, and international casinos make the industry to remain sensitive. In 2012, industry profit is estimated to reputation for 8.2% of revenue (IBISWorld, 2012).Economy recovery support growthOver the near five years period it is estimated that the spending from apiece people communicate to be increased. It is expected that the consumer spending will increase at an annualized rate of 2.8% (IBISWorld, 2012). This will lead to the improvement of the casino hotel industry that will in offspring create job opportunity and therefore the unemployment rate will decrease. The result of getting employment tends to make consumer to spend more money in travelling and gambling. As a result there will be a commodious demand of hotel casino industry in future. commercialize forecast of Casino hotels shows the long-term position and future growth trend.market forecastRetrieved from http//www.anything investigate.com/industry/Casino-Hotels.htmThe growth of industry can also define mostly in spring and summer rather than winter or fall. Tourists would like to travel during the better weather condition while spending their money. The industry will see amply performance and increase revenue in better weather condition such as in spring and summer of each year. The performance of industry can be measured based upon the valuation and compare with other similar industry.In domestic market, the industry seems mat ure in industry life calendar method therefore the major other companies are expanding the business internationally. The scope however in Macau and China is in increasing trends, as a matter the investor would want to achieve high growth in the revenue.Analysis of competing companiesThere are different industries that compete with each other. The current rivalry fight in casino hotel is relatively high in nature. These competing firms are Caesars amusement Corporation, MGM Resorts International, Las Vegas smoothen Corporation, and Wynn Resorts extra.Retrieved fromhttp//clients1.ibisworld.com/reports/us/industry/majorcompanies.aspx?entid=1662Casears Entertainment CorporationThe worlds largest casino performer whose market carry on is 18.2%, Caesars Entertainment Corporation has grown by providing variant services such as new resorts, expansion and acquisitions and currently it owns and manages the casino resorts. Caesars is able to maintain on loyalty to its customers by p roviding sound service and to their employee, business partners also. It shows that in 2007 it was 8.9% and due to economy recession it has dropped down to -0.2% however, it has predicted that in 2012 the revenue will be increased up to 3.9% (IBISWorld, 2012).MGM Resorts InternationalMGM Resorts is some other largest casino hotel operator whose market destiny is 12.7%. The friendship has significant holdings in gaming, hospitality and entertainment, and holds a growing number of development and management agreements for casino and non- casino resort projects (MGM Resorts, 2012). MGMs in USA have improved over the past years and consumers are trying to spend their income in recreational places. Therefore, In 2011 the character change shows 4.6% increment in domestic market however, it has also predict that in 2012 the percentage change will be decline but still it will be in substantiative (IBISWorld, 2012).Other CompaniesLas Vegas Sands Corporation is one of the new kinds of tr avel name and address with the market share of 4.3%. Las Vegas Sands offers high-ends amenities, integrating them under one chapiter resort.Over the five years to 2012, global association revenue is expect to increase at an number annual rate of 30.5% per year to $11.2 billion, including forecast growth of 13.1% in 2012. US-specific revenue is also forecast to grow significantly at an annualized 16.0% to $2.1 billion over that same period (IBISWorld, 2012).Wynn Resorts LimitedLikely, other major competitor in the industry is Wynn Resorts Limited whose market share is 2.8% and it is based on Las Vegas Corporation. It has forecast to grow 0.6% per year on average over that same period to $1.3 billion (IBISWorld, 2012). The company grew very devalued in previous years beside the recession period.Industry Establishments, Sales traffic TrendsYearPercent Chg. Year-to-Year2009201020112012201309-1010-1111-1212-13Establishments3673803883974063.6%1.9%2.5%2.2%Sales ($Millions)43,20047,1 3949,91053,61457,2119.1%5.9%7.4%6.7%Employment228,451236,755241,274247,310252,8353.6%1.9%2.5%2.2%Retrieved fromhttp//0-web.ebscohost.com.helin.uri.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=9c59b541-088a-45d0-8846-d6fbd6acad29%40sessionmgr12vid=7hid=175 Forces warring AnalysisCompetition from Rival SellersThe competition from rival companies is extremely high and it is in increasing trend. After the merger of Harrahs and Caesars and MGM and Mandalay in 2005, they have interpreted great proportion of market share in casino hotel industry (IBISWorld, 2012). MGM have direct competition with Harrahs Entertainment however, the other two competitors like las Vegas Sands Corp and Wynn Resorts are small companies and do not have direct curse in the competition. The strength of this competitive force is strong because these two casino hotel have significant revenue with high smell of hospitality and access marketing and promotional to attract the consumer.Competition from likely EntrantsThere is a high and steady barrier to entry in this industry. The significance of these entry barriers is that governments have minimized the legal issue think with government regulation for the entry of new competitors. And recently, half of United States have legally operating casino including Kansas and Massachusetts.Competition from Substitute productsThe threat to casino hotel industry is international online casino gambling sites, casino without hotel premises, hotels and motels, resorts and lodges etc. Due to economy recession the operator have moved to expand their business in international market where dominance growth is high. There is high threat of competition from substitute products if hotel casino fails to provide better facility then the consumer would rather choose those hotel industries that provide better hospitality. Therefore by maintaining consumer loyalty and providing sound hospitality will create less threat from substitute products.Suppliers Bargaining PowerThe th reat of supplier bargaining military group is very weak. For hotel casino industry their main suppliers or raw materials use are the food and beverages where these suppliers face competition within those industries by producing their own quality product. The commodity price changes may not affect the industry as such the industry would choose to get same tot from different suppliers.Customer Bargaining PowerThe customers have relatively higher bargaining power. Most of the hotel casino industries are hardened in westerly side of USA. Therefore, the customers from there have no choice of choosing other than breathing out to these places. In addition, customers have more bargaining power because it allows customer to go in standalone casino or hotel. Poor hospitality for customer attack in can lead to sift their choice in other kind of industry.Factors driving industry changesThere are various constituents that are driving industry change.Economic ChangeThe prosperous health of casino hotel industry depends upon the economic condition of the country. If the disposable income of the consumer were relatively high they would favor spending their money in recreational areas such as vacation and gambling. Due to economic downturn, people will reduce their disposable spending which was in 2008 and 2009, there was decline of such industry by 8.7% and 8.4% individually (IBISWorld, 2012). Better economy will create less unemployment rate with proportionate of increased income that in return consumer will be travelling more often.Airline Travel and TourismBased on US, 51.7% of these industries are located in west like most in Nevada and Las Vegas. If there is lamentable infrastructure it can impacts the ingrained industry, as consumer are not cosmos able to reach to their destinations. Since casinos are still banned in many states, those provisions have historically allowed the industry to develop and expand crossways these areas (IBISWorld, 2012). Due to gl obal crisis, we can see huge downturn in tourism sector and it has negatively affected the tourism industry. This is the main reason that has reduced the amount of the tourist from different country.Legal Issues and Technology conceptionAs all state do not have licence to open the casino however, it can be seen there is a huge scope in some other region. There should be a casino legislation and regulatory change that will allow new establishment in other states. Technology Innovation is another factor that drives industry to change. The gambling should be user friendly to the entire consumer using. normally consumers comes for vacation with their family members, therefore those entertainment should be used so each of the family members can delight efficiently.A Strategic Group Map comparative Market Positions of Selected Casino Hotel IndustryCaesars Entrainment CorporationMGM Resorts InternationalLas VegaswynnMarket packet of Casino Hotel Industry in USAMarket position of Casino Hotel IndustryCaesars Entertainment Corporation seems the major casino operator in USA as well as globally and primarily this company was owned under The Harrahs Caesars. The company uses its total rewards system to market promotions and to generate play across network of properties (Caesars Entertainment, 2012). Currently the data shows that the company holds 18.2% of total market share. In 2011, the total revenue take in by Caesars was $8372.5 and it has been predicted that it will go up to $8700.00 that is 3.9% higher than the last year. Therefore, it shows there is a huge potential increment of the revenue. Likewise, the second most company is MGM Resorts International, which is another company that operates globally and has covered 12.7% of its market share. In 2011, the total revenue earned by MGM is $5892.9 and it has expected to grow more up to $6040.8 in 2012. However, the percentage change in revenue has decreased from 4.6% to 2.5% respectively. In 2007, MGM had expanded their business in Macau therefore huge amount of revenue had been earned from there also.Las Vegas Sands Corporation and Wynn Resorts Limited have estimated industry market share of 4.3% and 2.8% respectively. Las Vegas Sands Corporation have earned 52.4% of total revenue from the company in Asia and in 2012, it has expected to earn revenue of $11,150. Likewise, Wynn Resorts Limited made an expansion of the company in Macau and huge revenue had been generatedStrategic movesIt is seen that remote casino companies have made huge investment in Macau since 2002. In 2006 the returns from the casino boom surpassed the revenue of the US gambling mecca, Las Vegas however there is risk for Macau that they are too much relying in one industry (BBC News, 2012). In 2011, Macau gaming revenues reach to $33.5 billion, which means there is 42% increase over the period of 2010 (Stutz, 2012). The increment of revenue have been seen by various American regional gaming markets, therefore Caesars Ent ertainment Corp compensable $578 million and expected to get the land for casino to operate casino hotel business in the biggest market however Caesars still not got the licence to build casino (WSJ, 2012). Due to healthy economy and improving business, the casino hotel companies should expand there business internationally as such MGM, Las Vegas Sands Corporation and Wynn Resorts Limited have already introduce their business in Macau where it is seen huge boom and have generated five times more revenue than Las Vegas Strip.In prospective of USA, it is seen that most of the casino hotel industry are severe in west part as only 38 states have legal licensed to operate the casino business. However, there is huge potential of casino business all over the US. As people disposable income has increased with the healthy economy, consumers tend to spend huge money in travelling and gambling and it is time consuming to travel in those regions where the states are permitted to run casino b usiness. Therefore, the biggest companies such as MGM, Las Vegas Sands Corporation and Wynn Resorts Limited should look for potential market and expand their business all over the US. The huge revenue that is available from international casino hotel business can be invested in US and more focusing on the research and development of the market potentiality. The invention of new technology, new gaming, sound hospitality and facilities will help to create more potential consumer in future.http//www.bbc.co.uk/ news/world-asia-pacific-16599919http//online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204789304578088320711432556.html

The Role Of Complexity Theory In Organisations Commerce Essay

The Role Of complexness Theory In Organisations Commerce EssayThis review seeks to make an sagaciousness of the value and dependability that complexness guess makes regarding a new approach to future thinking. The measurement is d iodine with regard to institution and management. The literature is deal outed, as firstly the complexness system and notion tie in to complexity possibleness, the application of complexity theory as metaphor, the theory of self- greatness organisation and its robustness in the organisations. Secondly, the subprogram of complexity theory in organisation acquisition-as far as system, planning, and tidy sum is considered for future. Thirdly, the complexity theory is analysed in the aspect of leadership and fin every(prenominal)y the purpose with a proposed model for moreover research.INTRODUCTIONcomplexness theory states about unpredictability, non-linearity, and the advantages from non-linear thinking.,(1996) has maintain the role of both positive and negative feedback in organisations and the grandeur related to to creativity(Innovation). Creativity and intention, both be generated at the edge of snake pit and the some patterns are generated .Chaos theory which is a part of complexity theory has notified the signifi squirtce of these patterns. It is a creative browse far away from equilibrium. over the last 30 years and more, an aspect of this behavioural pattern has pay off the focus of attention in a number of scientific disciplines and celestial orbit much(prenominal) as astronomy, chemistry, evolutionary biology, geology and metrology.Valle ,(2000) has explained the complex brass as the one in which numerous independent elements continuously interact and re-organise themselves into more and more elaborate structures over duration. Mathews et .al ,(1999) called it as an emergent dominant force, distinct from the sure-enough(a) competing paradigms. fit to Holm dahl, (2005) the complexity theory or complexity science is use as a unifying name for a set of patterns fix in the most diametrical areas. til without delay Edmonds ,(1999) supported an argument that it compromises of some(prenominal) views and interpretations it is not a Unitary, monolithic, fully fledged theory on which there is an academic consensus (Sawyer, 2005). Colemann, (1999) also stated that there is no unified field of complexity theory but rather a number of distinct fields with intriguing points of resemblance , overlap or complementary with severally opposite. research workers bid Morrison ,(2010) and Edmonds ,(1999) has mentioned about complexity theory, as a nascent, emergent science where its still developing and polish offing its central Tenets, paradigmatic principles, applications, derivatives, methodologies, foci and coherence.Mc Elroy ,(2000) has asserted that complexity theory is the system thinking applied to the behaviour of born(p) systems. Wheatley ,(1994) founder shared the idea of organisation existence natural documentation systems, where they emerge and grow in their surround according to simple rules of nature. However Griffin ,(2002) has extensively criticised the same and the way in which the complex and ill-judged phenomenons are drawn into a systematic extrapolateing of organising. Various Organisational theorists such as (Chia, 1998 Tsoukas and Hatch, 2001 Tsoukas, 2006) also disagree with the reign transfer of models and theories from the natural sciences and explores how, if at all, complexity science whitethorn be located in the mise en scene of established complaisant theory relevant to organisationsIn relation to patterns and behaviour, Coleman, (1999) has verbalize its the un foreseeable behaviour within the system, encouraged through underpinning patterns that can nurture represent a powerful, albeit unpredictable innovation. Levy, (2000) has also said that the spy patterns can be more useful if we can associate varied phase s of system with other characteristics, such as relationship between business cycles and other variables such as demand, interest rates, vendor lead times, and labour securities industry conditions.In relation to the unpredictable behaviour and observation of patterns in systems, Rosen distributor point , (1998) has challenged Coleman ,(1999) arguing that under certain conditions the complex systems performs in an regular predictable waysand in other conditions they exhibit behaviour in which mode and predictability is lost.Some researchers have criticise others work of complexity theory by signifying their lack of consume such as Rosen head (1998) in his wallpapers has criticised the work of Mc Master (1995), Merry (1995), Stacey (1992) and Wheatley (1992), as Rosen head explains that the findings that they narration and interpret, is about scientific fields related to management concerns where they have no hold up at all. Rosen head has supported researchers such as Stewar t (1989) and Kaufmann (1993), who being scientist of high reputation wrote about research fields in which they are themselves active. Both Stewart and Kaufmann have written about chaos and complexity and their work do make some relevance in regard to complexity theory as they be desire to the same field.complexness theory as a metaphor complexity theory has been valued in the social sciences as a source of metaphor (Lissack ,1997).Different researchers have different views for complexity theory and for its basis such as Burnes,(2005) who considered it as an figurative device. Van Eijnatten and Van Galen, (2002) Fitzgerald and van Eijnatten, (2002) has mentioned complexity theory as a lens (like chaos) or an analogy (Sundarasaradula et al., 2005). Morrison, (2010) regarded complexity theory as a set of constructs.Indeed as a theory also, Lissack ,(1999) has also argued that it is more, a arrangement of ideas than a theory.Smith and Humphries, (2004) Murray, (2003) has suggested co mplexity theory to be better regarded as metaphor.Metaphor, being a complete legitimate device is a way to explain certain phenomenon in a novel way. If complexity is utilised as a metaphor, while understanding the organisational behaviour and management, it would dawdle the prescriptive force (Rosen head, 1998).While advocating complexity theory as a set of constructs (Morrison ,2010) has argued that complexity theory in itself could have been more worth(predicate) as a set of constructs however the complexity theory indispensable practicalities makes its susceptible to the charge of relativism , arguing for it contemporary reasons, context specificity of the values and actions twisting in the subject called variety. complexity theory relativism undermines its own status (Siegel, 1987), ( Laudan , 1990). tally to Morrison (2010), Complexity theory is only relativistic and ephemerally useful, rather than having absolutist aspirations. gibe to researcher the issue being raised here is the occupy to clarify the status of the complexity theory as what a theory, framework, a metaphor, a set of constructs, lens, principles or collection of ideas.According to the researcher view, its vital to understand the plain status of complexity theory while considering complexity theory as a robust theory to be used in management or organisation studies. There urges a strong film to research on the subject to utilise the full advantage of it. self-organisation Concept of Self organisation in complexity theory and its severity in management and organisationComplexity theory suggest that, self organised order may supersede command and control in many a(prenominal) situations advocated by Andriani et al. (2004), Brown and Eisenhardt (1998), Falconer (2007) , Kelly and Allison (1999), Marion and Uhl-Bien(2001), Majchrzak et al. (2006), and Stacey(2005).However Willis (2004) argued the view, and said that self-organisation as per the complexity theory may result in a us eless development and managers should concern themselves with content, not only with bidding.According to complexity theory, the human beings should be left to organise themselves. Stacey (1996) has mentioned this as a berth of dissipative systems and has mentioned human beings as dissipative structures. Some researchers like Smith et al. (2004) have mentioned these ideas to be unreliable, selfish and irrational. According to them, the organisation science is structured to be led, regulate, mange direct or even control the human beings to guide and assign them the brain of direction to achieve their common goals. .Macintosh and MacLean (1993) has argued about the concept of self organisation that, it power exhibit a contradiction between course occurring self-organisation and contrived or deliberately , managerially laboured positioning of organisations at the edge of the chaos (Falconer, 2007).So this contradiction cleverness lead to inefficiency, time wasting, mob rule and stack going in so many different directions which would be resulting in the loss of connectivity and alignment between split of an organisation, its value and directions (Morrison, 2010).The contradiction about the naturally occurring (emergent) or contrived, deliberately forced positioning of organisation while on the edge of chaos, is difficult to de destinationine and the emergent events could also become destructive (Schneider and Somers , 2006)Similarly negativity capability result from new forms of organisation so one has to be rattling clear while chance oning the nature of the self-organisation as people might take benefit of the autonomy in other manner.Eoyang , (2004) in his paper has said about exploring the power and ubiquity of self organisations by give a theory of self organization in human systems. He has designed the difference matrix in aid to understand the pointedness of difference in an organisation still not all self-organising is boffo (Lichtenstein, 2 000) as some can lead to system failures or catastrophes.tec also agrees that the concept of self organisation is probably not infinite in the caseful of management and organisations as the consequences and conditions vary in different situations and factly from one organisation to other. So the concept call for raise analysis within different business environments.Complexity theory -Strategy-Planning-VisionComplexity developed popularity due to uncertainty and turbulence in environment as the environment is now more and more unpredictable and propulsive in nature. Stacey (1996) in his book has said that the long call planning is irrelevant.Stacey has criticised the strategy as imagingary thing and has mentioned that the single vision to serve as intended organisation future, motivator of behaviour, and guarantor of corporate cohesion as a thoroughly bad idea. According to Stacey, such an idea generates a culture of dependency, restricting the expression of conflicting views and creates mental models tending toward groupthink.Our vision and planning is both inter-related and according to complexity theory one should not keep long term planning as the world is dynamic in nature, still there is no evidence that explains the actual consequence of word long in the terms of complexity theory.Apart from long term planning, the scenario planning is also criticised by complexity advocates still zippo tells about the term long term (Levy, 2000) and this notion reassigns from one environment to other such as biologically evolutionary systems , firms and industries.Smith, (2005) argues on the concept that the complexity advocate asserted so much about the complexity theory and the butterfly effect, still if we consider the macro environment, then the place for scenario analyst is very significant.McMaster (1995) implicitly conceded that scenario analysis could be useful in thinking about the future. According to Smith (2005), thinking about different alternati ves remain a better approach to encourage innovation than imprecate to emergence and quick action, as supposed by complexity advocates like Kelly(1998) and Tatenbaum(1998).Tetenbaum (1998) and Kelly (1998), both the complexity theorist, has advocated that the future is an inherently unpredictable, unstable entity, from which patterns emerge from the bottoms up. According to Smith, (2005) they have completely discarded the planning and scenario analysis.We subscribe both the innovation and creativity when the organisation thrives at chaos however we also need the analysis to avoid the pitfalls again. According to researcher the compatibility is the actual word which has to be addressed and needed further attention asRosenhead , (1998) has also argued that if we rely only on the incidents of unpredictability and uncertainty then it would be bang-up achievement in itself.Bunker and Alban (1997) has asserted that even plans can be conceived as actions, as actions unfolds making and economising, with the scarce resources easier and therefore planning transition can yield the organizational learning, shared mental models, in fact a meta language which will be supporting the knowledge ground view of organisation rather than resource based view.As a researcher, I agree that the world is dynamic and non-linear still the world needs a focus and I believe that the scenario planning and long term planning provides a focus to strategise, in both internal and remote environment.Future analysis in general and scenario planning in detail might be well served to the value of system thinking including the chaos, complexity and the catastrophic theory.So then the people would be able to create mentally the alternative scenarios (Smith, 2005) as it would be promoting the innovation factor.The concept can be explained through observation of macro environment, where the oil prices which are non-predictable still significant from analyst point of view. Certain scenario an alyst, who have years of experience in the same field can make an assessment for short term. detective agree with the fact that world is changing rapidly, still the years of experience people have with them in respective field is also an worthy asset for the future, the only need is to make the complexity theories compatible with this experience to evolutes a new understanding on the subject. So as a researcher, I have proposed a model in conclusion which need further research.LeadershipThe role of leaders is to successfully implement the change within the organisation. According to complexity theory, the leadership emerges through interactions, networking and connectivity, relationship, as these call down operational effectiveness. (Goldstein and Hazy, 2006 Lichtenstein et al., 2006 Surie and Hazy 2006 Parellada , 2007). Leadership and management, from the perspective of Complexity theory, is adaptive, participative and enabling (Schreiber and Carley, 2006).On the one hand, Compl exity theory advocates distributed leadership that operates in an ever-changing, unpredictable environments, Gronn (2003), Lakomski (2000), Gunter (2003), Harris (2003), Falconer, (2007) and on the other hand, it suggests that employee empowerment, voice, creativity and diversity have considerable significance. (Stacey, 2000 Parellada, 2007 Capra et al., 2007).Complexity theory introduces the reality of unknown future, may be through overstating the case for unpredictability or ab solve leaders and managers of responsibility.However, it does not argue against the fact that leaders and managers have to operate with the best evidence to date, rather than having perfect knowledge. (Morrison, 2010)Researcher also agrees that there is inconsistency in the definition of leadership by complexity theory and it plays a very vital role in the management of organisations.Indeed Smith and Humphries (2004) write that complexity theorists such as Brown and Eisenhardt,(1998) accept instability and uncertainty with too much certainty. This rehearses the postmodernists plight of proscribing fixity and firmness yet holding such proscriptions fixedly and firmly.ConclusionsComplexity theory is a field within which some un-expected and diverse results have been found, further leading on to some further intriguing conjectures. What does not add up here is that any such result necessarily applies to all situations.As a researcher, I have developed an idea that might use the concept of complexity in organisation to achieve amend results. As the researcher has worked in marketing field , so recognises the importance of innovation and creativity. Firstly, I agree with the concept of unpredictability and long term planning, however the urge is to utilise the experience gained by senior people in the companies. I feel the importance of complexity in change management and would like to propose an idea for it. Organisation has a particular culture and learning process shaped from either past or present to achieve the future goals. So it implies that both are inter-related (Culture-Learning).Both of them should be nourished with negative and positive feedback as well as with an ken to change. So people who has linear thought process and with non-linear thought process should be trained consciously or sub-consciously towards change.Let us give name mickle with linear thought process=APeople with non-linear thought process=BThe senior management can identify and differentiate between people A and people B, by observing their responses to their works. (problem-solving methods).For 6 months, without any restriction, A should be allowed to give recommendations through a non-linear point of view in their problem-solving ways for 6 months and Data collection has to be made.For same 6 months, B should be allowed to give recommendation through linear point of view in their problem solving ways. Data collection has to be made.Then relocate them as they were before, now obs erve the changes and pattern. Involve both nontechnical and technical team to assess the problem solving ways to achieve solutions on complex problems related to organisation.Performance might purport improve or might throw off still there might be chances that Organisation can get a dynamic team with dynamic capabilities.I understand the issues related to it, so will suggest a further qualitative deductive research on the model to establish a link from complexity theory to the science of organisation.Overall after the review, researcher highlights the need to further research on the following subjects of complexity theoryStatus of Complexity theory-Complexity theory absolutist or relativistic status to understand the organisation scienceComplexity theory mandate about self-organization that may be directive, manipulative and mechanistic. Still about its source and validity no one has confirmed, yet a so further study has to sink the link between the exact global pattern and its validity.How complexity theory helps leaders and mangers in the enterprise as it does not does not address the problem of how to replace command and control without using command and control. Complexity theory refers to an system without any ordered rules and regulations and then specifies its own regulations to follow the concept of self-organisation, positive feedback, connectivity and the concept of non-linearity in predictable and non-predictable world.

Reduction Of Global Warming And Maintaining Sustainability

Reduction Of world(a) Warming And Maintaining Sustainability spherical h eliminateing system is defined as an enlarge in the earths atmosphere. It is really harmful for milieu. Pollution is alike one of the big cause of planetary warming. Pollutions such as ambiance pollution, water pollution, soil pollution and glasshouse gases contribute to the globular warming. nursery gases particularly human incurd carbon dioxide are responsible in append in planetary warming. Global warming could result heterogeneous deadliest do such as spread of diseases, warmer water and more occurrent of hurri mucklees, natural disasters, migrations, conflicts and wars and so on. In order to avoid such loadings, world(prenominal) warming good deal non be totally eradicated but it sess be trim down drastically. Global warming wants serious attention close to its effect and measures need to be taken to bowdlerise globose warming in order to maintain a proper sustainable environment.Gl obal warming apparently is an increase in the spheric temperature but the change of temperature leave behind not be uniform allwhere. The change in temperature is overly called babys room effect. Troposphere which is k todayn as the lowermost layer of the atmosphere traps heat by natural process due to the nominal head of babys room gases resulting into the change in temperature of the earth. The more the concentration of the greenhouse gases, the more is the amount of heat universe trapped. The temperature of earth would be very low but in the presence of greenhouse gases the temperature of earth is comparatively very high which we called spherical warming.Researchers estimated that the earths believe temperature go out rise between 1.5 to 5.5 degree Celsius by 2050, if the input of greenhouse gases continues to rise at the present rate (Indian ledger of Science Technology). another(prenominal) effect of global warming is the rise in sea level. It also changes in patter n of rainfall which affects the distribution of vector borne diseases such as malaria, elephantiasis, and so on. Global warming has also big negative partake on agriculture. Soil moisture and vapor transition will increase which may drastically affect agricultural production. The increase in temperature and humidity will increase pest bum under ones skinth like the growth of vectors for various diseases.Several measures were taken in the past to control global warming. in that respect are more measures constantly being taken all discoverright and then. The main idea is to cut down the rate of use of chlorofluorocarbon and fossil fuel. Agriculture also succors in reducing global warming. flat a days most of the farmers use chemicals in their crop to grow them faster and make them more attractive .This has bad effect on our environment which is also indirectly increasing global warming. This cause pollution as advantageously as make most of the people sick. So, chemicals sh ouldnt be used in agriculture. Farmers should think about environment rather than money. subjective pesticides does not harm environment. So, natural pesticides should be used to make crops healthy. slim things which are unnoticeable also have big effect on environment. So, all of us should be more careful and think about its positive as well as negative aspects.Specially recycled, teeny-weeny using, and re using is a very important method to not only little using the waste products but also to attention maintain the budget which keeps the economy flowing. Products such as papers, plastics, aluminum cans, and glasses can be recycled for re utilizes purposes. We should slue using waste which cannot be recycled. Also we should not throw papers everywhere. Instead we can stick from our home by collecting papers and later on dedicate it to recycle. Reusing or recycling programs have to be maintained in every place from house to school as well as businesses and s treets. In fac t, by recycling half of the waste product 2400 pounds of carbon di oxide can be remedyd annually. For example In my college we have two methamphetamine hydrochloride cans nearby in one its written waste only and in another its reuse. So, those students are throwing papers, plastics in reuse and other unnecessary gimcrackery on waste only. It will be easy for them to re-use the papers and save from pollution.Now technology is stepping forward day by day. They are reservation new ideas, new programs and new inventions. They are making different galvanic production from which we can reduce using fuels and things which harm environments. For example I am from Nepal and when I was small my mother used to cook food for thought by burning woods but as I get older I saw many changes coming, then my mother started provision food from fuel. Now we are here and my mother cooks food from microwave or oval which is electrical. Not only in the case of making food .Cars, computers and othe r many things has changed due to the progress on technology. a few(prenominal) years ago cars used to smoke emission which do publicize pollution and the sound from that made noise pollution but now here is car with no pollution. Slowly we are salvage our environment. newfangled techniques are making our environment as well as our life story better. Also not only environment but its reducing global warming.On the other hand, usage of energy efficient products could help in reducing global warming. For example, if we buy a car that offers good milage doesnt not only save fuel but also produce less carbon dioxide which helps to protect the environment. In fact, any vehicle that runs by battery would be better than any other vehicle that runs by fuel. Also drive less and drive smart is another technique that can be used practically in our daily life. slight driving means fewer emissions and fewer emissions means less chances of global warming. I have hybrid car and I am saving lots of fuel. I think cars like hybrid should be made more which will help in reducing global warming. obscure from that, we could also plant a tree which is another method to reduce greenhouse gases. Plants and its photosynthesis process are really very important for environment. Photosynthesis is a Natural process in which plants absorbs carbon dioxide and gives out oxygen which advise safe environment. According to a report by environmentalists, a superstar tree absorbs one ton of carbon dioxide during its life time. Cutting tree will affect everyone. When plants are removed, the soils they observe also come out which cause heavy rainfall and destroy everything. With that removal of forest or tree there will be more carbon dioxide and less oxygen which totally harm environment. Deforestation is very dangerous for our environment which causes global warming. We should reduce cutting tree but if we really need to cut tree then we should plant another tree which will help in redu cing global warming as well as balance the environment.Everyone is thinking about reducing global warming. besides following all the thinkable methods and techniques to reduce the production of carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases, it is very important to be aware from personal level to help reduce the global warming. Population is increasing day by day. And increment population has biggest effect on global warming. The way they live, the food they eat and everything affect environment. So, less population will surely help to reduce global warming. Education also plays one of the biggest roles in reducing global warming. Many people dont even know what is mean by global warming. So, every individual should be made aware of the effects of the global warming which would help reduce the increasing temperature of the earth due to global warming. Its a tough task to reduce global warming and every individual should contribute as much as possible in order to reduce the global warming an d maintain the sustainability.Since there is little doubt that global warming is influence by human natural actions, it can also be stopped by our own actions. Something should be through with(p) to stop it before it turned out to be very bad. We can act towards things that produce little greenhouse gases as much as possible. Our own approach can makes a difference in defend our environment and making it sustainable as much as possible for the generations to come.Work CitedWalker, Mary L. Nuclear Power Is a Solution to Global Warming Global Warming. Ed. Cynthia A. Bily. Detroit Greenhaven Press, 2006. Opposing Viewpoints. Rpt. from Using Nuclear Power to comeback Global Warming. Sun Diego Union-Tribune16 Sept. 1999. Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 30 Nov. 2012.http//0-ic.galegroup.com.library.dcccd.edu/ic/ovic/ViewpointsDetailsPage/ViewpointsDetailsWindow?failOverType= question=prodId=OVICwindowstate=normalcontentModules=mode=viewdisplayGroupName=Viewpointslimiter=curr Page=disableHighlighting=falsesource=sortBy=displayGroups=search_within_results=action=ecatId=activityType=scanId=documentId=GALE%7CEJ3010222225userGroupName=txshracd2500jsid=e9c678af54d68be91e7adc748b59f3e6Programs to Reduce Carbon Emissions. New York Times 18 Aug. 2012 A18 (L).Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 30 Nov. 2012.http//0-ic.galegroup.com.library.dcccd.edu/ic/ovic/NewsDetailsPage/NewsDetailsWindow?failOverType=query=prodId=OVICwindowstate=normalcontentModules=mode=viewdisplayGroupName=Newslimiter=currPage=disableHighlighting=falsesource=sortBy=displayGroups=search_within_results=action=ecatId=activityType=scanId=documentId=GALE%7CA300014554userGroupName=txshracd2500jsid=e529f2d94a751745e09d0478a5107308Top 10 Thing You Can Do to Reduce Global Warming, Environmental issueswww.about.comhttp//environment.about.com/od/globalwarming/tp/globalwarmtips.htmGanesh, P. H. Roop, Global Warming/Greenhouse Effect, Indian Journal of Science Technology Mar2011, Vol. 4 Issue 3, p 219-222, 4p, 1, Academic Search Complete, join Lake Col. Library.http//0-web.ebscohost.com.library.dcccd.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=0f2e52dd-9ba9-49b6-82cb-5e5efc4f6a82%40sessionmgr104vid=4hid=112The Enhanced Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming. The Environment A transmutation in Attitudes. Kim Masters Evans. 2008 ed. Detroit Gale, 2008. Information Plus Reference Series. Gale Opposing Viewpoints in Context. Web. 30 Nov. 2012.http//0-ic.galegroup.com.library.dcccd.edu/ic/ovic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?failOverType=query=prodId=OVICwindowstate=normalcontentModules=mode=viewdisplayGroupName=Referencelimiter=currPage=disableHighlighting=truesource=sortBy=displayGroups=search_within_results=action=ecatId=activityType=scanId=documentId=GALE%7CEJ3011860103userGroupName=txshracd2500jsid=070f10b839877ee0e92bc89d400bac15

Comparative Analysis of Rank Techniques

Comparative Analysis of enjoin TechniquesAbstract in that respect is paramount clear data available in the form of tissue rogues on the World wide-eyed weathervane (WWW). So whenever a user makes a query, a lot of appear results having different blade think corresponding to a users query argon generated. break of which only some ar relevant while the rest argon irrelevant. The relevancy of a weather vane scallywag is mensural by search engines using rapscallion being algorithmic programic rules. Most of the scallywag ranking algorithm use web structure dig and web content mining to weigh the relevancy of a web summon. Most of the ranking algorithms which are given in the literature are either think or content oriented which do not consider user employment trends. The Algorithm called rascal Rank Algorithm was introduced by Google in beginning. It was considered a standard scalawag rank because as no former(a) algorithm of rascalboy rank was in exist ence. Later extensions of scallywag rank algorithm were incorporated along with different variations like considering gagets as well as visits of combines. This paper presents the comparison among original varlet rank algorithm as well as its various variations.Keywords in connect, outlinks, search engine, web mining, World Wide net (WWW), rogueRank, weight down page rank, VOLI. IntroductionWorld Wide wind vane is a vast resource of hyper connect and a variety of information including text, image, audio, television and metadata. It is anticipated that WWW has expanded by about 2000% since its progression and is two-bagger in magnitude with a gap of six to ten months. With the alert expansion of information on the WWW and mounting requirements of users, it is becoming intricate to manage web information and comply with the user needs. So users tolerate to employ some information retrieval techniques to find, extract, filter and order the desired information. The techn ique use filters the web page according to query generated by the user and create an index. This indexing is related to the rank of web page. glower the index regard as, higher depart be the rank of the web page.1. selective information mine over Web1.1 Web MiningData mining, which facilitates the familiarity discovery from large data serves by extracting potentially new reusable patterns in the form of human understandable knowledge and structuring the same, can overly be applied over the web. The application being named Web Mining thus get under ones skins a technique for extracting useful information from a large, unstructured, varied data store. Web mining is quite a immense champaign with dozens of developments and technological enhancements.1.2. Web Mining CategoriesAccording to literature, there are three categories of web mining Web Content Mining (WCM), Web Structure Mining (WSM) and Web Usage Mining (WUM)WCM includes the web page information. In it, the actual c ontent pages whether semi structured hypertext or multimedia system information are used for searching purposes.WSM uses the central part linkage that flows through the entire web. The linkage of web content is called hyperlink. This hyperlinked structure is used for ranking the retrieved web pages on the basis of query generated by the user.WUM returns the high-voltage results with respect to users navigation. This methodology uses the server logs ( the logs that are created during user navigation via searching. WUM is likewise called as Web Log Mining because it extracts knowledge from usage logs.1.2 scalawag Rank Algorithm (By Google)This is the original rogueRank algorithm. It was postulated by Lawrence knave and Sergey Brin. The aspect iswhere is the PageRank of page A is the PageRank of pages Ti which link to page A is the yield of outward links on page Tid is a damping constituent having shelter between 0 and 1.The PageRank algorithm is used to determine the rank of a web page individually. This algorithm is not meant to rank a web site. Moreover, the PageRank of a page say A, is recursively defined by the PageRanks of those pages which link to page A. The PageRank of pages which link to page A does not influence the PageRank of page A consistently. In PageRank algorithm, the PageRank of a page T is always heavy by the list of outbound links C(T) on page T. It means, much than outbound links a page T has, the less will page A benefit from a link to it on page T. The weighted PageRank of pages Ti is then added up. But an additional launching link for page A will always increase page As PageRank. In the end, the sum of the weighted PageRanks of all pages is multiply with a damping promoter d which can be sterilize between 0 and 1. Thus, the make it of PageRank benefit for a page by another page linking to it is reduced.They defend PageRank as a genre of user behaviour, where a surfer clicks on links at random irrespective of conten t. The random surfer visits a web page with a certain chance which is solely given by the spot of links on that page. Thus, unitary pages PageRank is not wholly passed on to a page it links to, but is divided by the name of links on the page. So, the probability for the random surfer stint one page is the sum of probabilities for the random surfer doing links to this page. Now, this probability is diminish by the damping element d. Sometimes, user doesnot move reliable to the links of a page, instead the user jumps to some other page randomly. This probability for the random surfer is compute by the damping factor d (also called as degree of probability having harbor between 0 and 1). regardless of inbound links, the probability for the random surfer jumping to a page is always (1-d), so a page has always a borderline PageRank.A revised version of the PageRank Algorithm is given by Lawrence Page and Sergey Brin. In this algorithm, the PageRank of page A is given aswhere N is the jibe number of all pages on the web. This revised version of the algorithm is fundamentally equivalent the original one. Regarding the Random Surfer Model, this version is the actual probability for a surfer reaching that page after clicking on more links. The sum of all page ranks of all pages will be one by compute the probability distribution of all web pages.But, these versions of the algorithm do not differ fundamentally from each other. A PageRank which has been calculated by using the second version of the algorithm has to be multiplied by the perfect number of web pages to get the according PageRank that would catch been calculated by using the first version.1.3 Dangling NodesA invitee is called a suspension system node if it does not contain any out-going link, i.e., if the out-degree is zero. The hypothetic web graph taken in this paper is having a dangling node i.e. Node D.II Research backgroundBrin and Page (Algorithm Google Page Rank)The authors came up with an idea to use link structure of the web to calculate rank of web pages. This algorithm is used by Google ground on the results produced by keyword found search. It works on the principle that if a web page has significant links towards it, then the links of this page to other pages are also considered imperative. Thus, it depends on the backlinks to calculate the rank of web pages. The page rank is calculated by the statute given in equivalence 1.(1)Whereu represents a web page and represents the page rank of web pages u and v on an individual basis is the set of web pages pointing to u represents the total numbers of outlinks of web pagev and c is a factor used for normalizationOriginal PageRank algorithm was modified considering that all users donot follow moderate links on web data. Thus, the modified formula for calculating page rank is given in comparability 2.(2)Whered is a dampening factor which represent the probability of user using direct links and it can b e set between 0 and 1.Wenpu Xing and Ali Ghorbani (Algorithm weighted Page Rank)The authors gave this method by extending standard PageRank. It works on the supposition that if a page is vital, it has many inlinks and outlinks. Unlike standard PageRank, it does not every bit distribute the page rank of a page among its exceed linked pages. The page rank of a web page is divided among its outgoing linked pages in proportional to the importance or popularity (its number of inlinks and outlinks)., the popularity from the number of inlinks, is calculated based on the number of inlinks of page u and the number of inlinks of all character pages of page v as given in par 3.(3)Where and are the number of inlinks of page u and p respectively represents the set of web pages pointed by v., the popularity from the number of outlinks, is calculated based on the number of outlinksof page u and the number of outlinks of all annex pages of page v as given in equation. 4.(4)Where and are the number of outlinks of page u and p respectively represents the set of web pages pointed by v.The page rank using burthen PageRank algorithm is calculated by the formula as given in equation 5.(5)Gyanendra Kumar et. al. (Algorithm Page Rank with Visits of tie in (VOL))This methodology includes the browsing behavior of the user. The prior algorithms were either based on WSM or WCM. But it incluses Page be based on Visits of relate (VOL). It modifies the basic page ranking algorithm by considering the number of visits of inbound links of web pages. It assists to prioritize the web pages on the basis of users browsing behavior. Also, the rank set are designate in proportional to the number of visits of links in this algorithm. The more rank time value is assigned to the link which is most visited by user. The Page Ranking based on Visits of interrelates (VOL) can be calculated by the formula given in equation 6.(6)Where and represent page rank of web pages u and v respecti velyd is dampening factorB(u) is the set of web pages pointing to uLu is number of visits of links pointing from v to uTL(v) is the total number of visits of all links from v.Neelam Tyagi and Simple Sharma (Algorithm Weighted Page Rank Algorithm Based on Number of Visits of Links of Web Page)The authors incorporate Weighted PageRank algorithm and the number of visits of links (VOL). This algorithm consigns more rank to the outgoing links having high VOL. It is based on the inlink popularity ignoring the outlink popularity. In this algorithm, number of visits of inbound links of web pages are taken into reflection in addition the weights of page. The rank of web page using this algorithm can be calculated as given in equation 7.(7)Where represent page rank of web page u and v respectivelyd is the dampening factorB(u) is the set of web pages pointing to uLu is number of visits of links pointing from v to u is the total number of visits of all links from vrepresents the popularity fro m the number of inlinks of u.Sonal Tuteja (Algorithm Enhancement in Weighted Page Rank development Visits of Link (VOL))The author incorporated i.e. the weight of link(v,u) and calculated based on the number of visits of inlinks of page u. the popularity from the number of visits of outlinks are used to calculate the value of page rank.is the weight of link(v, u) which is calculated based on the number of visits of inlinks of page u and the number of visits of inlinks of all reference pages of page v as given in equation 8.(8)Where and represents the incoming visits of links of page u and p respectivelyR(v) represents the set of reference pages of page v. is the weight of link(v, u) which is calculated based on the number of visits of outlinks of page u and the number of visits of outlinks of all reference pages of page v as given in equation 9.(9)Where and represents the outgoing visits of links of page u and v respectivelyR(v) represents the set of reference pages of page v.No w these values are used to calculate page rank using equation (10)(10)Whered is a dampening factorB(u) is the set of pages that point to uWPRVOL (u) and WPRVOL(v) are the rank scores of page u and v respectively represents the popularity from the number of visits of inlinks represents the popularity from the number of visits of outlinksIII Numerical analysis of various page rank algorithmsTo demonstrate the working of page rank, consider a so-called web structure as shown belowFigure showing a web graph having three web pages i.e. A, B, C, DPage Rank (By Brin Page)Using equation 2, the ranks for pages A, B, C are calculated as follows(1)(2) (3)(4)Having value d=0.25, 0.5, 0.85, the page ranks of pages A, B and C becomeDampening divisorPR(A)PR(B)PR(C)PR(D)0.250.90.9751.220.990.50.80.91.350.950.850.850.8291.530.357From the results, it is concluded thatPR(C) PR(D) PR(B) PR(A)2. Iterative Method of Page RankIt is easy to crystallise the equation system, to determine page rank values , for a small set of pages, but the web consists of billions of documents and it is not possible to find a upshot by inspection method. In iterative calculation, each page is assigned a starting page rank value of 1 as shown in table 1 below. These rank values are iteratively substituted in page rank equations to find the final values. In general, many iterations could be followed to normalize the page ranks.d=0.25d=0.5d=0.85IterationPR(A)PR(B)PR(C)PR(D)PR(A)PR(B)PR(C)PR(D)PR(A)PR(B)PR(C)PR(D)01111111111111111.251111.5110.51.4250.57520.8750.971.210.990.8750.941.440.970.750.7881.460.8230.900.9751.220.990.860.931.40.9650.770.801.480.83..From the results, it is concluded thatPR(C) PR(D) PR(B) PR(A)3. Page Rank with Visits of Links (VOL) (Gyanendra Kumar)Using equation 6, the ranks for pages A, B, C are calculated as follows(A)=(1-d)+d((1)(B)=(1-d)+d((2)(C)=(1-d)+d(+(3)(D)=(1-d)+d((4)The intermediate values can be calculated asSimilarly other values after calculation are2/3Having value d=0.25,0.5, 0.85 the page ranks of pages A, B and C becomeDampening fixingsPR(A)PR(B)PR(C)PR(D)0.250.830.821.230.8180.50.6350.6060.8080.60.850.24780.220.34490.1123From the results, it is concluded thatPR(C) PR(A) PR(B) PR(D)4. Weighted Page Rank (Wenpu Xing and Ali Ghorbani)Using equation 3, the ranks for pages A, B, C are calculated as follows(C,A).(1)(2)(3)(4)The weights of incoming as well as well as outgoing links can be calculated as(C,A)= IA/IA+IC = 1/ 1+2 = 1/3=OA/OA=1Having value d=0.5, the page ranks of pages A, B and C becomeDampening meansPR(A)PR(B)PR(C)PR(D)0.250.85260.82101.23150.750.50.70590.61761.2350.50.850.33800.24580.66360.15From the results, it is concluded thatPR(C) PR(A) PR(B) PR(D)5. Weighted Page Rank Based on Visits of Link (VOL) (Neelam Tyagi and Simple Sharma)Using equation 7, the ranks for pages A, B, C are calculated as follows)(1))(2)(3) (4)The weights of incoming, number of visits of link as well as total number of visits of all links can be calculat ed asHaving value d=0.25, 0.5 0.85, the page ranks of pages A, B and C becomeDampening FactorPR(A)PR(B)PR(C)PR(D)0.250.80610.78361.0150.81530.5059810.54980.88250.59160.850.17340.17350.34690.1994From the results, it is concluded thatPR(C) PR(D) PR(A) PR(B)5. Enhancement in Weighted Page Rank Using Visits of Link (VOL) (Sonal Tuteja)Using equation 10, the ranks for pages A, B, C are calculated as follows(1)(2) (3)Intermediate values can be calculated as follows=IA/IA=1=OA/OA=1Having value d=0.25, 0.5, 0.85 the page ranks of pages A, B and C becomeDampening FactorPR(A)PR(B)PR(C)PR(D)0.250.72260.79511.0290.750.50.95570.61950.91150.50.851.9110.55611.1160.15From the results, it is concluded thatPR(C) PR(B) PR(D) PR(A)Comparison chart of various Ranking AlgorithmsAlgorithmPage RankPage Rank with VOLWeighted Page rankWPRVEWPRV

Child Friendly School Policies In Kenya Education Essay

Child Fri polish offly condition Policies In Kenya training analyseThe purpose of this essay is to explore what Child Friendly t apiece policies could aim from proportional degree and inter subject Research. Reference to CFSs in Kenya pull up stakes be do with emphasis on the place instituteting of CFSs, flow rate work asides and emerge critics, success stories, problems and pitf alls and what CIR bunghole do to subjugate several(prenominal) of these challenges. I will start by examining the rationale for exploring CFSs, based on writings and my professional go. Following this background will be literature surrounding the concepts of CIR and CFSs in relation to spheric agendas, exploring how CFSs came into existence and the driving forces behind it. I then go on to point on a case study of CFS in Kenya, discussing the consumption of CIR in the Kenyas CFS, arguing that CIR is designd as a political pricking in creating come upmental insurance, rather than a look for method or an intellectual inquiry. I will still overcritically analyze challenges lining CFSs and how k promptlyledge on CIR underside contribute more effectively to self-made implementation of CFS policies. A conclusion based on the literature and authors last will then be drawn. Throughout the essay, I build a case in favour of CIR arguing that CIR stimulates critical reflections close to our program lineal systems by investigating commonalities and differences across national borders.Background and Rationale relative degree and world-wide didactics is one of the main battlefields of reproduction with some benefits, judged by the volume of studies reported in the literature. Central to this is that many countries or so the world down formulated some of their instructional policies based on knowledge and explore from CIR. With the current wave of world-wideization, enquiryers and experts, especially in the field of facts of life, be always trying t o find ways of streamlining their teaching methodal policies with the globose trends. match to Giddens (199064), globalization is the intensification of worldwide br an different(prenominal)ly relations which link length local anaesthetic anestheticities in much(prenominal) a way that local happenings atomic number 18 cause by yetts occurring many miles away and vice versa. Global forces t herefore accept an impact on shaping local practices at grass resolve aims. In order to do this tactically and critically, comparative and internal research remains cutting edge in informing people near the realities, the challenges and the possible effects of uncritical transfer of thoughts.One of the key phylogenys in teaching method has been the prioritisation of cardinal educational activity as opposed to adult education or higher education. In Africa, this would be probably because, as Okand so forth (2004) points out, prefatory education yields higher rates of returns c omp ard to higher education. This has subsequently influenced g everyplacenment and non-governmental organizations to decoct more on improving the feature of staple education. Child-friendly schools (CFSs) in Kenya is an pillow slip of a initiative sponsored by UNICEF with the aim of not just providing babyren reclaim to education but the right to the right education. In other words, CFSs atomic number 18 more gift-to doe with with the look of underlying education in adjunct to its approach shot. The emergence of CFSs in Kenya was catapulted by the forces of agendas 1 and 2 of Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) which emphasizes on the provision of basic education. The World Education Forum (2000) agreed on six Education For All (EFA) goals. The sixth goal concerned Education attribute, improving all aspects of the tonicity of education and ensuring excellence of all so that recognised and measurable interpreting outcomes be light upond by all, especially in literac y, numeracy and essential purport skills. The term part in education is energizing because of the social, political and frugal context at which it is apply. Milligan (2011276) adds that quality has, thus, been placed as an integral cog in the educational ontogenesis machine although how educational quality is defined is a matter of great contention. Because of differences in contexts, it is pressing that knowledge of comparative and international research be used in designing policies and pedagogy in CFSs that fit that concomitant context.Furthermore, with the fear that some countries may lag behind as others move forward, countries from sub-Sahara Africa ar now engaging in various practices in order to achieve these educational goals, a race against the 2015 set deadline for attainment of EFA goals. As the clock ticks towards the social class 2015, anteriority goals in education may change for post-2015 and the worry is further elevated. One of the efforts the government of Kenya is doing to improve the quality of education is by consolidation CFS model into the basic education system. Two major questions arise here First, how is CFS realistic considering myriad challenges lining the FPE form _or_ system of government in Kenya? Secondly, if integrating CFS model into basic education will help in improving the quality of education, what lessons trick CFS policies learn from CIR? It is against this background that the purpose of this essay hinges.Literature canvassIn this section, I will look at the concepts of Comparative and International Research (CIR) and Child Friendly check (CFS) based on the literature and merge them with the global forces that influenced the emergence of CFS with an attempt to unveil the voices behind the psychiatric hospital of CFS in Kenya. In addition, I will use an example of optical prism experience in Kenya to reinforce the witnessing of the character of international bodies in promoting quality through close ly strategized and executed projects, arguing that lessons from PRISM experience can be used as insights to successful implementation of CFS policies.Concepts of Comparative and International Research (CIR) and Child Friendly School (CFS)CIR is a alliance of deuce broad beas of research Comparative Research and International Research. To understand its fully marrow, it is all important(predicate) we define the two areas of research separately. In his rendering of comparative research, mill about et al (year) argue thatComparative research is a broad term that entangles both quantitative and qualitative comparison of social entities. Social entities may be based on many lines, such as geographical or political ones in the form of cross-national or regional comparisons. (p. 621)A similar perception was echoed by Noah and Eckstein (1969127), who described comparative education as an intersection of the social sciences, education and cross-national study which attempts to use c ross-national entropy to test propositions about the alliance between education and family and between teaching practices and learn outcomes.In light of this definition, comparative research in the context of education can be defined as a study of two or more entities or events (Crossley Watson, 2003) with the underlying goal of searching for similarity and variance. Cross-national or regional comparisons may include comparing educational policies, pedagogy, educational leadership and so on. According to Mills et al (2006 621), the search for variance places more emphasis on context and difference in order to understand specificities.International education, on the other hand, can be defined as the application of descriptions, analyses and insights learned in one or more nations to the problems of developing educational systems and institutions in other countries (Wilson 2000a 116). Thus, international research is concerned with research carried out across two or more countries , often with the purpose of comparing responses between them. This capacity be done in order to devise strategies that work well across both or all these cultures or to suggest local adjustments to a global strategyThere is a close relationship between comparative and international education. Epstein (1994 918) points out, that international educators use findings derived from comparative education to understand get around the unconscious processes they examine, and thus, to enhance their ability to groom insurance. We can then draw from the above two definitions that CIR in education as a method of comparing both qualitative and quantitative entities in education across different countries, societies or cultures with the aim of learning similarities and differences. It is however important to note that not all international research is comparative, and not all comparative research is international or cross-national.According to UNICEF (2007), a child-friendly school is both a child seeking school and a child-centred school It is child seeking because it actively identifying excluded children to get them enrolled in school. It is a child-centred school because it acts in the best interests of the child leading to the realization of the childs full potential, is concerned about the wholly child her health, nutritionary status, and well- beingness and concerned about what happens to children before they enter school and after they leave school. A CFS system recognizes and respect childrens right and responsibilities it provides the enabling environment to realize childrens right not provided in schools, but also in childrens home and their communities. These include children from difference of opinion zones, street children and children with disabilities. The Child-Friendly Schools model (see fig 1) is based on simple, rights-based concepts that would have all schools beRights Based School CFS proactively seeks out-of-school children and encourages t hem to enrol, irrespective of gender, race, ability, social status, etceteraGender Sensitive School CFS promotes catchity and equity in history and trans carry through among girls and boys.Safe and Protective School CFS ensures that all children can learn in a safe and inclusive environment.Community Engaged School CFS encourages partnership among schools, communities, parents and children in all aspects of the education process.Academically Effective School CFS provides children with relevant knowledge and skills for surviving and thriving in life.Health Promoting School CFS promotes the physical and emotional health of children by meeting key nutritional and health care ask within schools.(UNICEF, 2007)Fig 1 manikin of the Child-Friendly SchoolSource UNICEF, Global Education Strategy, 2007The CFS model provides a exemplar for planning (and monitoring the effectiveness of) strategies for increasing gravel to quality basic education with the specific focus on the development of strategies to include those children further excluded from education (UNICEF, Global Education Strategy, 2007). It is important to note that in that location is no one-way to make a school child-friendly. The model may differ from country to country depending on the context.International and Local Pressures and their influences to formation of CFS in KenyaEducation in sub-Sahara Africa, and indeed in Kenya, is crafted from both influences by global trends in education and the legacies of colonialism. Chisholm and Leyenderker (2008) observe thatSince 1990, the goals and purpose of education in sub-Sahara Africa has been reshaped by four interconnected developments globalisation, the changed focus of international aid agencies towards development helper, the fitting of sub-Sahara African countries to the new world order with its new political emphases, and the spilling over of new pedagogical ideas from the USA and Europe into sub-Sahara Africa. (p 198)Kenya is a signatory to a number of conventions in education, including the Convention to the Rights of the Child (1989), the World Declaration on Education for All (Jomtien, 1990), the Dakar accord and the Millenium Development Goals (2000). In achievement of education development goals, Kenya is bound to, among other things, quality education by MDGs. The Jomtien call for access for access, equity, quality and democracy in education appeared to cry both social and economic development (Chisholm and Leyenderker, 2008). Social and economic development, and continues to be believed, requires educational change and educational change is necessary for social and economic development (ibid). Educational change, in turn, is perceived to depend on, amongst other things, the infix from relevant development assistance projects. These projects, in the arena of education, are typically formulated with reference to internationally negotiated development agendas (like the MDGs) and priority (Crossley Watson, 2003). An example of these projects in Kenya is CFSs which are support by United Nations Childrens Fund (UNICEF). The Education arm of UNICEFs Programme Division introduced the Child Friendly Schools (CFS) fashion model for schools that serve the whole child in 1999 (Chabbott, 2004).Rationale for introducing CFS framework in KenyaThe increased trustfulness of foreign aid to support education reform in Kenya has been go with by a transition, from understanding education as a human being right and the general good to viewing it primarily in damage of its contribution to national growth and well-being through the development of the knowledge and skills societies are deemed to need (Arnove Torres 2007359). Occasional voices continue insisting that education is liberating, that eruditeness is inherently developmental (ibid 359).With the global concern that Sub-sahara Africa countries may not achieve Universal Primary Education (UPE) by 2015 unless the progress is accelerated (Carceles et al., 2001 Bennel, 2002), Kenya responded by introducing Free Primary Education (FPE) policy in 2003 with both local and global pressure. The rationale behind introducing FPE was (apart from the pressure from global and international agendas) to appease poverty attributed to lack of literacy skills. The success story behind implementation of FPE policy is the increased enrolment at primary schools by nearly 50%, from 5.9 million in 2003 to 9.38 million pupils according to the Kenya Economic Survey 2011. However, there are myriad challenges facing the implementation of FPE policy there are not enough textbooks, classrooms are overcrowded and the infrastructure in many schools is shortsighted for the numbers of pupils attending. Many of the schools do not have sanitation facilities. The teacher-pupil ratio is quite high according to UNESCO there are more than 40 pupils per teacher, on average. All of these factors militate against the provision of quality teaching. There is no magic wand for fixing this problem of quality in education. In response to this CFS were introduced in Kenya. According to UNICEF (20061)The challenge in education is not simply to get children into school, but also to improve the overall quality of schooling and address threats to participation. If both quality and access are tackled, children who are enrolled in primary school are likely to continue, complete the full bout, and achieve expected study outcomes and successfully transition to secondary school.The CFS framework (see appendix 3) aims at promoting child-seeking, child-centred, gender-sensitive, inclusive, lodge-involved, protective and healthy approaches to schooling and out-of-school education with a general goal of improving the quality of learning.Since CFSs are concerned with the quality of learning, it is important we look at the meaning of quality. The national examinations to concur the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) at the end of primary roll and the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education (KCSE) at the end of secondary cycle are designed to evaluate the extent to which the primary and secondary graduates outstrip the curriculum content. In other words, the national test scores are used as the indicators of quality. The limitation of this indicator is that it does not take into note the context at which learning takes place i.e. the learning environment, learners unique characteristics etc. There are many definitions of quality but one of the descriptions of quality which emphasizes on the context was by Tikly (201110) who argued thatA good quality education is one that enables all learners to realise the capabilities they require to become economically productive, develop sustainable livelihoods, contribute to peaceful and popular societies and enhance wellbeing. The learning outcomes that are required vary according to context but at the end of the basic education cycle must include threshold levels of literacy and nume racy and life skills including awareness and prevention of disease.In his description, Tikly believes that a good quality education arises from interactions between three overlapping environments, namely the policy, the school and the home/community environments. In his perception of quality education, Tikly puts context into consideration i.e. needs of the learner, cultural and political contexts. In addition, he emphasizes on the relevance of what is taught and learned and how it fits the constitution of particular learners in question. This encourages policy makers to take cognisance of changing national development needs, the kinds of schools that different learners attend and the forms of educational disadvantage faced by different groups of learners when considering policy options(ibid11).The fact that CFS emphasizes on learner-centered pedagogy and puts the child at the centre or focal point in the learning process raises the idea of what is regarded as valuable knowledge a nd how this knowledge is acquired in this particular context. This leads us to the inquiry on the school of thought or image behind introducing a contextualized CFS framework. CFS as an approach to education is premised on constructivism, a theory of knowledge arguing that humans generate knowledge and meaning from interaction between ideas and real experiences. According to constructivists, the notions of reality and truth are socially constructed and in different context with the understanding that knowledge is immanent and embedded in multiple realities. Thus, quality of learning should be viewed in the context in which it is occurs.Towards Quality Basic Education In Kenya create Research Capacity and EvaluationBefore we acknowledge the contribution of CFS in providing quality education to the children at Primary school level, it will be prudent to review some of other contributions that has been made by international organizations in collaborations with the local government in promoting quality of education at grassroot levels in building research capacity.Kenya has had a history of benefiting from international assistance in its education sector. One of the programmes is the Primary Schools Management (PRISM), an initiative of DfID through the Ministry of Education, which places a lot of emphasis on participatory approaches and emphasis on mobilising community support, resource care and utilisation, supporting learning of pupils and developing action plans. It targeted teacher training and management and the impact of this is overall effectiveness of an education system which has a direct bearing on quality of education. According to Otieno Colclough (200926), PRISM is regarded as one of donor-funded programmes which had most positive impact on quality of basic education and CFS can learn from it. As Crossley et al ()notes, the main objective of PRISM was to improve the quality of primary education through the training and support of head teachers in practical management skills. Borrowing from the PRISM experience it is worthy learning that well think and organized CFSs policies involving community participation at grass root level could help amplify local voices and lead to successful implementation of educational policies not only in Kenya but also other move of African contexts.Challenges in implementing CFS in KenyaIn this section I will explore common challenges associated with the CFSs with an aim of illuminating and critiquing the gap between policy and practice in CFSs.Access and Quality Dilemma Which one should be root priority?As I mentioned earlier, one of the role of CFS in Kenya is to improve the quality of learning. But the access to education is still a challenge in Kenya and there is fear that Kenya will not have achieved EFA goals 1 and 2 by the year 2015. As we near the 2015 set deadline for the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals, at a time when hopes should be high, universal access to primary education in Kenya seems to be slip away. Many comparative researchers argue that different countries have different educational problems and it is the countrys obligation to identify what should be the priority and why. Aksoy (2008 218) observes thatWhile developed countries are mainly engaged in activities to increase the quality of education, or they practice and seek new techniques and methods of learning and teaching, developing countries struggle to provide equal opportunities for education, trying to increase the rate of participation of all citizens in basic education, which is actually compulsory. To deal with its educational problems, each country works out countrywide or local solutions, depending on the nature of the problem.The tone of such statement is more closely allied to the question of priority. Priority in one country may not be a priority in other. In Kenya, the major problem basic education is facing is of access while higher education is facing the problem o f quality. CFS focus more on quality, but in the Kenyan context, access to education is still a problem in basic education even after the introduction of FPE. The CFS concept of quality can however causal agency very well in some dispirited state solid ground countries which have almost universal access to basic education. It has been noted that small sates have now shifted education priorities towards focus in school effectiveness, quality and inclusion (Crossley, 2002) after ensuring that all children have accessed basic education and CFSs in Kenya should learn from small states that the priority should now be on access to basic education before shifting to quality.Atomizing the child is child-centred the solution to quality CFS?A key feature of a right-based, CFS system is that it is linked tightly to the child-centred learning process. CFS advocates for child-centred learning where a child is treated as a single entity or an atom in learning processes. The idea of atomizing a child has its drawbacks derived from child-centred learning. First, there is an oversight on early year development behaviour of the child. Psychologists believe children undergo various levels of development and their learning behaviours are different at each level. For instant, Vygotskys (1978) concept of the zone of proximal development (ZPD) implies that a child cannot ordinary create ZPD by himself he needs the more expert individual to bridge the gap between his current development level and his proximal level of development. Secondly, a child-friendly, democratic learning environment may not work successful in overcrowded classrooms and school with limited resources like it is the case in Kenya. Thirdly, child-centred learning weakens the role of the teacher. The idea that a child must be active in saying of knowledge is often understood to imply a diminishing role for the teacher in learning process who now becomes a carriage or a facilitator. A call for paradigm renovati on, from an exclusively child-centred learning to a combination of both child-centred learning and teacher-centred learning approach is important so that the weakness of one method is complemented by the other method.What Lessons can Kenya learn from other Countries in Implementing CFS? A Review on the share of Comparative ResearchKing (2007) emphasizes the need to explore the tension between the national and the international policy agendas in Kenya in order to make informed decisions when crafting educational policies. Clearly, this is a view that acknowledges the contribution of CIR researchers in bridging theories, policies and practices with both local and global minds (Crossley, 2000) in trying to identify discloses grounds to critically reflect and determine appropriate course of action.Apparently, the term that is commonly used in Kenya and indeed many Africa countries in the initial processes of designing an educational policy is benchmarking. Essentially, this is usually a comparative study which is carried out locally and/or internationally in trying to compare different models of policy framework with the aim of critical adaption or adoption. Lessons are well learnt when a comparisons are made, and this underscores the strength and significance of comparative research. Moreover, since problems transcend national borders, it is prudent to seek possible solutions from a similar experience in another country, and this explains why international research is important. Kenya can learn from other countries that are either progressing or failing to implement CFS policies because lessons can either identify opportunities or gaps, based on comparative analysis. In these respect therefore, I have identified two key elements of CIR which could help implementation of CFS.The first element is on identification of the gap between policy and practice. Documenting the emerging good practices and lessons learned within the regions is useful in informing inducti on based programming and advocacy to enable us to achieve better results. For example, a Global Evaluation Report published by UNICEF in 2009 on comparative studies of how to six countries (Guyana, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Philippines, South Africa, Thailand) with different experiences implementing CFS, demonstrated the hobbyCFSs in varying contexts successfully apply the three key principles of CFS models-inclusiveness, child-centredness and democratic participation.Schools operating in very different national contexts, with different levels of resources and component populations with different needs have succeeded in being child-centred, promoting democratic participation, and being inclusive.Schools that had high levels of family and community participation and use of child-centred pedagogical approaches had stronger conditions for learning, that is, students felt safer, supported and engaged, and believed that the adults in the school supported the inclusion and success of each stu dent. (UNESCO, 2009)Kenya can use this success report to assist in providing a broader vista on the ways in which CFSs can contribute to quality in the countrys unique context. The caution should however be that any steps taken should have hindsight of the current context in the country to avoid uncritical transfer of practice which may end up opening a Pandoras box.Secondly, through CIR, studies of educational systems that share similar problems can provide teaching for learning possible consequences. A recent comparative evaluation research conducted by UNESCO in Nigeria, Gunaya, Thailand and the Philippines on CFS pedagogy gave different findings. While teachers in Nigeria and Guyana mainly focused on meeting basic instructional clobber needs (textbooks, paper), many teachers in Thailand and the Philippines focused on having greater access to information and communication technology (UNESCO 2009). Kenya experiences the same challenge as Nigeria and Gunaya, and data from these countries can be used to learn how they coping with inadequate basic instructional material. The caution here should be, that common problems may prevail in different countries, but common model cannot be applied because each country has different culture/context (Crossley Watson, 200339). This provides invaluable information of what to adopt, commute or avoid.ConclusionIt is worthy reiterating Crossley(2003) emphasis that context matters and different countries have different needs and priorities even if they are faced with the same challenges. The care for of CIR is studying foreign systems of education in order to become better fitted to study and understand our own (Sadler 1900, reprinted 1964310) and CIR can be used as a lense to focus on adaptable or adoptable practices. UNICEF repeatedly emphasises that CFS is a pathway to educational quality rather than a blueprint and that it is counterproductive to regard the CFS model as rigid, with a kick in number of defining chara cteristics or key components (2009c, Ch. 1, p. 9). Thus, the essay sought to preface an overview in favour of the contribution of CIR by highlighting what CFS policiesin the Kenyan context could learn from CIR. As such, the essay acknowledges the role of CIR in exhilarating critical thinking and reflections about CFSs system by evaluating its success and failures, strengths and weaknesses. This critical reflection facilitates self evaluation in our own context and the land for determining appropriate courses of action. The essay also hints that CIR helps us understand global agendas and how they shape educational development projects from organizations and development agencies.

Victorian Painting :: Art History Essays

overnice Painting Victorian painting was make up of several schools including the Romantics, the Realists and the Pre-Raphaelites. Recurring topics included travel women, fairies, family scenes, historical scenes, landscapes and portraits (Sporre 509-511 Victorian Web). Romantic painters focused on escaping the rules of classical penning and opening up painting to imagination and individual drama. It was not meant to be objective. The Romantics also discovered the power and importance of color as irrelevant to shape and form (Sporre 489-90). Two well-known British Romantic painters whose whole kit and caboodle fit this ideal were Joseph Mallord William Turner (1775-1851) and John Constable (1776-1837). Turners most famous work is The Slave Ship (1840), based on the real event of a sea captain throwing out eruct slaves into the sea so that he could collect the insurance m integrityy (Turners The Slave Ship.2). In this painting, color clearly dominates over form and the sea, can t and sun seem to merge. There are no clear delineations among the elements. (Flynn Sporre 493 Tansey 950-51). Landscape paintings were also very popular in this era, and Constable was one of the most noted landscape painters. He was interested in color, simply tried to reproduce the scenes he painted scientifically onto the canvas. This focus made his paintings very realistic (Sporre 511 Tansey 952-53).The Realists and the Pre-Raphaelites were the other two important movements in Victorian painting. Both paid extreme maintenance to details (Sporre 510). John Evrett Millais (1829-1896) Ophelia (1852) is a good example of Realism (Millais Ophelia. 3). Even if his subject is from a play, his attention to detail draws strongly from the Realist techniques (Flynn Tansey 975-76). Dante Gabriel Rossetti is probably the most well known Pre-Raphaelite painter. His paintings almost always represented women. An acclaimed example of his work can be found his paintings for Goblin Market (1862 ), a poem written and publish by his sister, Christina Rossetti (1830-1894). The Victorian era had numerous painters that produced a multitude of works. Its diversity of styles and topics were precursors to the movements of Impressionism and Abstract painting which were to follow (Sporre 511).

Tobacco Litigation :: essays research papers

THE BATTLE OF MINNESOTADocument Discovery In The1997 Minnesota Tobacco Litigation. I. INTRODUCTIONAlthough any legal observer would tell you the prospect long loomed on the horizon, on July 14, 2000, when a Florida control panel handed down a perceptiveness of $144.8 billion dollars against the s until now major tobacco companies , the mental shock of hearing such a estimate was still staggering. It remains unclear as of this writing exactly how much of this massive verdict will ever be collected by the plaintiffs - a behemoth class of Florida smokers - injured by the products marketed, manufactured and sell by the defendants. In the days immediately following the judgement, the tobacco assiduity carried on business as usual and even the companies stock prices remained mostly unchanged . Irrespective of the minimal immediate financial and social make of this judgment, the legal implications for the tobacco industry, the plaintiffs bar, and the state and federal government activity entities presently bringing suit for tobacco related harms, cannot be overemphasized. The Florida judgment, the largest in civil legal history, although unique in its payoff, was only one more(prenominal) chapter in the long and still unfolding saga of American tobacco litigation. subsequently many years of successfully fighting count slight wars in the knowledge base of civil mass torts, Goliath had fallen, and although he was far from dead, he could no longer afford to laugh at the prospect of the mesh in front him. The husband and wife legal team of Stanley and Irene Rosenblatt had successfully felled an opponent that, less than a decade earlier, had toppled even the best and brightest of the plaintiffs bar. The Florida plaintiffs arsenal, however, was modify with the unique and powerful ammunition of countless confidential documents passed between the defendants employees, and even their legal counsel. Without a slingshot full of these stones, Goliath was unlikel y to shed fallen, and the manner, and legal justification for how they were introduced into evidence remains a controversy of cracking legal significance. For even now, as the practical and legal ramifications of the Florida case and judgment remain unclear, many legal scholars are still busy debating the outcome of a prior legal battle, without which the Florida judgment never could have occurred the battle of Minnesota. II. Tobacco Litigation - A History of The Three brandishsA. The First Wave (1950 - 1980)For ease of reference, the history of tobacco litigation is usually summarized into three waves.

Revising Education :: essays research papers

THE IDEAL classroom STRUCTUREThe education system in the United States is to in height(predicate)y disturbed I do not think that any attempts to modify the veritable system will ever work. Deborah Tannen also sees this worry. She sees the disorder lying in a gender gap, miscommunication between sexes, and a battle between cosmos and woman in the classroom. Tannen thinks the current curriculum can be prospered if we only work out the few kinks between the male and female learning process. I disagree, I believe this country assumes to completely reevaluate and rebuild education from the bottom up. The solution will not involve sorting gender or tougher standards. We do not need to make students take tests to try and fancy out what subjects are considered problem areas (as Massachusetts has decided to do), though this could arguably lead to some primary improvement. We must reconsider everything we think we know close what children ought to learn, and especially the methods utilise to teach this material to them.Instead of forcing facts and figures on students and separating subjects with bells, why not attribute ideas and integrate these areas of interest. Lets completely engulf and engage students in learning, here is a typical day in the ideal classroomMrs. Smiths fourth graders are learning about redwood trees. Her classroom has one big circular table, and this morning it is covered with the clipping cutouts and photographs of redwood trees that the students have been passing rough and discussing. There is a descale model of an average redwood tree next to a house, build in art class using Popsicle sticks and glue. Mrs. Smith asks questions about the size of the tree compared to the house. In the real world, the house is thirty feet tall but on the table it is only four inches high. The boys and girls can figure out the height of the tree involving their unit in math on multiplication and fractions.Next, Mrs. Smith brings out some constructi on paper and paste. in front they begin carving out and designing their own redwood trees, the students go steady a short movie protesting deforestation. They are asked to think about the dangers of cutting down so many trees and write short essays and poems about their ideas. straightaway the class is outside around the school looking at trees around the playground. They can even make rubbings of the bark on different trees.